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      Assessing adult mortality in HIV-1-afflicted Zimbabwe (1998 -2003) Translated title: Evaluation de la mortalité adulte dans une région fortement touchée par le VIH-1 du Zimbabwe (1998-2003) Translated title: Evaluación de la mortalidad de adultos en un país afectado por el VIH-1, Zimbabwe (1998 -2003)

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To compare alternative methods to vital registration systems for estimating adult mortality, and describe patterns of mortality in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, which has been severely affected by HIV. METHODS: We compared estimates of adult mortality from (1) a single question on household mortality, (2) repeated household censuses, and (3) an adult cohort study with linked HIV testing from Manicaland, with a mathematical model fitted to local age-specific HIV prevalence (1998 -2000). FINDINGS: The crude death rate from the single question (29 per 1000 person-years) was roughly consistent with that from the mathematical model (22 -25 per 1000 person-years), but much higher than that from the household censuses (12 per 1000 person-years). Adult mortality in the household censuses (males 0.65; females 0.51) was lower than in the cohort study (males 0.77; females 0.57), while mathematical models gave a much higher estimate, especially for females (males 0.80 -0.83; females 0.75 -0.80). The population attributable fraction of adult deaths due to HIV was 0.61 for men and 0.70 for women, with life expectancy estimated to be 34.3 years for males and 38.2 years for females. CONCLUSION: Each method for estimating adult mortality had limitations in terms of loss to follow-up (cohort study), under-ascertainment (household censuses), transparency of underlying processes (single question), and sensitivity to parameterization (mathematical model). However, these analyses make clear the advantages of longitudinal cohort data, which provide more complete ascertainment than household censuses, highlight possible inaccuracies in model assumptions, and allow direct quantification of the impact of HIV.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Comparer différentes méthodes utilisées en l'absence de données d'état civil pour estimer la mortalité adulte et décrire les schémas de mortalité au Manicaland, une région du Zimbabwe gravement touchée par le VIH. MÉTHODES: L'étude a comparé des estimations de la mortalité adulte obtenues à partir de 1) une simple question sur la mortalité dans les foyers, 2) des recensements successifs auprès des ménages et 3) une étude de cohorte portant sur des adultes dont les données sont reliées aux résultats de dépistage du VIH au Manicaland, avec celles fournies par un modèle mathématique adapté à la prévalence locale par âge du VIH (1998-2000). RÉSULTATS: Le taux de mortalité brut obtenu par le biais de la question unique sur la mortalité au sein du foyer (29 pour 1000 personnes-année) était assez proche de celui fourni par le modèle mathématique (22 à 25 pour 1000 personnes-année), mais beaucoup plus élevé que celui issu des recensements auprès des ménages (12 pour 1000 personnes-année). Le taux de mortalité adulte obtenu par recensement auprès des ménages (hommes 0,65 ; femmes 0,51) était plus faible que celui tiré de l'étude de cohorte (hommes 0,77 ; femmes 0,57), alors que le modèle mathématique donnait une estimation beaucoup plus élevée, surtout pour les femmes (hommes 0,80 à 0,83 ; femmes 0,75 à 0,80). La proportion de décès d'adultes imputables au VIH parmi la population considérée était de 0,61 pour les hommes et de 0,70 pour les femmes, l'espérance de vie étant estimée à 34,3 ans pour les hommes et à 38,2 ans pour les femmes. CONCLUSION: Chaque méthode d'estimation de la mortalité adulte se heurtait à des limites : sujets perdus de vue (étude de cohorte), sous-évaluation (recensement auprès des ménages), transparence des procédures sous-jacentes (question unique) et sensibilité à l'égard des paramètres (modèle mathématique). Toutefois, ces analyses font bien ressortir les avantages d'une étude de cohorte longitudinale, qui fournie une évolution plus complète que les recensements auprès des ménages, révèle les inexactitudes éventuelles des hypothèses du modèle et permet de quantifier directement l'impact du VIH.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Comparar métodos alternativos a los sistemas de registro civil para calcular la mortalidad de adultos, y describir las pautas de mortalidad en Manicaland, Zimbabwe, país que se ha visto gravemente afectado por el VIH. MÉTODOS: Comparamos las estimaciones de la mortalidad adulta obtenidas a partir de 1) una sola pregunta sobre la mortalidad familiar, 2) censos de hogares repetidos, y 3) un estudio de cohortes de adultos que incluía pruebas del VIH, realizado en Manicaland, con un modelo matemático ajustado a la prevalencia local por edad de la infección por VIH (1998 -2000). RESULTADOS: La tasa bruta de mortalidad obtenida a partir de la pregunta única (29 por 1000 años-persona) concordaba bastante con la arrojada por el modelo matemático (22-25 por 1000 años-persona), pero era muy superior a la deducida de los censos de hogares (12 por 1000 años-persona). La mortalidad de adultos según estos censos (hombres: 0,65; mujeres: 0,51) fue inferior a la estimada con el estudio de cohortes (hombres: 0,77; mujeres: 0,57), mientras que los modelos matemáticos arrojaron valores mucho mayores, especialmente para las mujeres (hombres: 0,80 - 0,83; mujeres: 0,75 - 0,80). La fracción atribuible poblacional de defunciones de adultos debidas al VIH fue de 0,61 para los hombres y 0,70 para las mujeres, con una esperanza de vida estimada en 34,3 años para los primeros y 38,2 años para las últimas. CONCLUSIÓN: Todos los métodos de estimación de la mortalidad de adultos presentaron limitaciones, relacionadas con el seguimiento (estudio de cohortes), la subapreciación (censos de hogares), la transparencia de los procedimientos empleados (pregunta única) y la sensibilidad a la parametrización (modelo matemático). Sin embargo, estos análisis destacan las ventajas de los datos de cohortes longitudinales, que aportan información más completa que los censos de hogares, ponen de relieve las posibles inexactitudes de las hipótesis del modelo, y permiten cuantificar directamente el impacto del VIH.

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          Most cited references31

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          The spread of HIV-1 in Africa: sexual contact patterns and the predicted demographic impact of AIDS.

          The spread of HIV-1 in Africa is examined here in the light of recent information on the main epidemiological and behavioural determinants of transmission. Mathematical models incorporating demographic, epidemiological and behavioural processes are used to assess the potential demographic impact of the disease AIDS. These analyses highlight the significance of patterns of sexual behaviour, and in particular networks of sexual contact, on the predicted spread of infection. Current data reveal substantial variations in the degree of spread between and in countries, but new analyses support earlier predictions that in the worst-afflicted areas AIDS is likely to change population growth rates from positive to negative values in a few decades.
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            Adult mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys.

            This article reports levels, trends, and age patterns of adult mortality in 23 sub-Saharan Africa countries, based on the sibling histories and orphanhood data collected by the countries' Demographic and Health Surveys. Adult mortality has risen sharply since HIV became prevalent, but the size and speed of the mortality increase varies greatly among countries. Excess mortality is concentrated among women aged 25-39 and among men aged 30-44. These data suggest that the increase in the number of men who die each year has exceeded somewhat the increase for women. It is time for a systematic attempt to reconcile the demographic and epidemiological evidence concerning AIDS in Africa.
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              Mortality associated with HIV infection in rural Rakai District, Uganda.

              To assess mortality impact of HIV in rural Uganda. An open cohort of 19983 adults aged 15-59 years, in Rakai district was followed at 10 month intervals for four surveys. Sociodemographic characteristics and symptomatology/disease conditions were assessed by interview. Deaths among residents and out-migrants were identified household census. Mortality rates were computed per 1000 person years (py) and the rate ratio (RR) of death in HIV-positive/HIV-negative subjects, and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of death were estimated according to sociodemographic characteristics. Mortality associated with potential AIDS defining symptoms and signs was assessed. HIV prevalence was 16.1%. Mortality was 132.6 per 1000 py in HIV-infected versus 6.7 per 1000 py in uninfected subjects, and 73.5% of adult deaths were attributable to HIV infection. Mortality increased with age, but the highest attributable risk of HIV associated deaths were observed in persons aged 20-39 years (PAF > 80%) and in women. HIV associated mortality was highest in the better educated (PAF > or = 75%) and among government employees (PAF > or = 82%). Of the HIV-positive subjects 40.5% reported no illness < 10 months preceding death, symptoms were poor predictors of death (sensitivity 1.6-38.8%), and only 9.1% met the World Health Organization clinical definition of AIDS. Infant mortality rates in babies of HIV-infected and uninfected mothers were 209.4 and 97.7 per 1000, respectively. HIV is taking substantial toll in this population, particularly among the younger better educated adults, and infants. Symptomatology or the World Health Organization definition of AIDS are poor predictors of death.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                March 2006
                : 84
                : 3
                : 189-197
                Affiliations
                [02] Oxford orgnameUniversity of Oxford, Oxford orgdiv1Oxford England
                [01] London orgnameImperial College London orgdiv1Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology England
                [04] London orgnameLondon School of Economics England
                [03] Harare orgnameBiomedical Research orgdiv1Training Institute Zimbabwe
                Article
                S0042-96862006000300013 S0042-9686(06)08400313
                /S0042-96862006000300013
                1808347
                16583077
                5e265e52-b676-4cf2-bff3-5f2ed5bc3c19

                History
                : 23 November 2005
                : 22 November 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Research

                Etude cohorte,Censos,Zimbabwe,Recensement,Mortalidad,Life tables,Estudios de cohortes,Infection à VIH,Censuses,Tablas de vida,Mortalité,HIV infections,Infecciones por VIH,Cohort studies,Tables survie,Mortality

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