Presence of plaque, gingivitis and caries in Sudanese children with congenital heart defects

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Abstract

Objectives

The objective of this study is to assess the presence of plaque, gingivitis, and caries in a group of Sudanese children with congenital heart defects CHDs (cases) and compare them to children without CHDs (controls).

Materials and methods

This analytical cross-sectional study included cases ( N = 111, with a mean age of 7.2 ± 3.0 years) and controls ( N = 182, with a mean age of 7.2 ± 2.8 years) from Khartoum, Sudan. Examinations were done by two calibrated dentists using plaque index, gingival index, and WHO (World Health Organization) caries diagnostic criteria (dmft/DMFT index: decayed, missing, and filled teeth).

Results

Children with CHDs (cases) had statistically significantly higher mean number of sites with plaque and gingivitis than children without CHDs (controls), although almost all children experienced plaque. Cases also experienced significantly higher mean dmft/DMFT than controls (age group 1, 3–7 years: 3.7 vs 2.3 and age group 2, 8–12 years: 1.3 vs 0.6). The Significant Caries Indices in cases (age groups 1 and 2) were also significantly higher than among controls (SiC 8.2 vs 5.9 and 1.8 vs 0.8, respectively). Fillings were totally lacking among cases and scarce among controls.

Conclusions

The findings clearly showed that this group of Sudanese children with CHDs was more severely affected with gingivitis and caries than the control group without CHDs. These results are cause for concern in children at risk of developing systemic infections and serious complications related to poor oral health.

Clinical relevance

These findings provide important baseline data for planning appropriate dental preventive strategies for Sudanese children with CHDs.

Related collections

Most cited references 33

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Gingivitis as a risk factor in periodontal disease.

Ninian Lang, H Löe, M Schätzle (2009)

Dental plaque has been proven to initiate and promote gingival inflammation. Histologically, various stages of gingivitis may be characterized prior to progression of a lesion to periodontitis. Clinically, gingivitis is well recognized. Longitudinal studies on a patient cohort of 565 middle class Norwegian males have been performed over a 26-year period to reveal the natural history of initial periodontitis in dental-minded subjects between 16 and 34 years of age at the beginning of the study. Sites with consistent bleeding (GI=2) had 70% more attachment loss than sites that were consistently non-inflamed (GI=0). Teeth with sites that were consistently non-inflamed had a 50-year survival rate of 99.5%, while teeth with consistently inflamed gingivae yielded a 50-year survival rate of 63.4%. Based on this longitudinal study on the natural history of periodontitis in a dentally well-maintained male population it can be concluded that persistent gingivitis represents a risk factor for periodontal attachment loss and for tooth loss.

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The relationship between caries in the primary dentition at 5 years of age and permanent dentition at 10 years of age - a longitudinal study.

M Raadal, I Espelid, Jessica M. Skeie … (2006)

To explore a possible relationship between the caries experience and pattern in the primary dentition at 5 years of age and the permanent dentition at 10 years of age. Further, to examine the possibility of predicting children in a caries-risk group at 5 years verified at 10 years of age. A sample of 186 children (90 males) were clinically examined as 5-year-olds and re-examined as 10-year-olds by calibrated dentists. A five-graded diagnostic system including enamel caries was used. Bitewing radiographs were taken. A true risk group of children at 10 years were defined as those with at least one dentin or filled lesion on the mesial surface of 6-year molars, and/or on incisors, and/or total DMFS (decayed, missing, and filled surfaces) more than 1 SD above the mean. The prediction was measured in terms of OR (odds ratio), sensitivity/specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curves. Statistically significant correlations (r=0.5) were found between the caries experience in the two dentitions as well as between the primary second molars at baseline and the permanent teeth at 10 years. 'Primary second molars' and 'all primary molars' were the most powerful predictors for allocation into the risk group (24% of the sample). The highest achieved sum of sensitivity and specificity, 148%, was attained at a cut-off point above two carious surfaces in enamel and/or dentin in primary second molars. Statistically significant relationship in disease between the dentitions was found. More than two surfaces with caries experience in primary second molars are suggested as a clinically useful predictor at 5 years of age for being at high risk at age 10.

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Grouping of tooth surfaces by susceptibility to caries: a study in 5–16 year-old children

Paul A Batchelor, Aubrey Sheiham (2004)

Background The decline in caries has slowed and this may be indicative of variation in the susceptibility of differing teeth to caries. This study tests the hypothesis that in children, there are groups of tooth sites that exhibit differences in caries susceptibility. Methods Probit analysis of caries data collected from a 4-year longitudinal study of 20,000 schoolchildren aged between 5 and 16 years in 10 differing locations in the United States. Results The development of dental caries within the mouth followed a fixed hierarchy indicating that tooth surfaces show variation in caries susceptibility. Certain teeth and tooth sites have similar susceptibilities and can be grouped, the sizes of the groups vary. The most susceptible group consists of six tooth surfaces: the buccal pits and occlusal fissured surfaces of the first molar teeth. The second group consisted of 12 sites on the second molar and premolar teeth. The group formed by the least susceptible sites included the largest number of tooth surfaces and consists of the majority of the lower anterior teeth and canines. Conclusion Variation in the caries susceptibility of tooth surfaces exists. Surfaces can be grouped according to caries susceptibility. An effect that reduces the cariogenic challenge of one of the sites within a group is likely to affect all the other sites within the particular group.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Hiba Mohamed Ali: +47 55586577 , Hiba.Mohammedali@student.uib.no , Hiba8019@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Oral Investig

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Oral Investig

Title: Clinical Oral Investigations

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Print): 1432-6981

ISSN (Electronic): 1436-3771

Publication date (Electronic): 24 June 2016

Publication date PMC-release: 24 June 2016

Publication date (Print): 2017

Volume: 21

Issue: 4

Pages: 1299-1307

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7443, GRID grid.7914.b, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, , University of Bergen, ; Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway

[2 ]Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway, Bergen, Hordaland Norway

[3 ]Ahmed Gasim Hospital, Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan

[4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0674 6207, GRID grid.9763.b, , Ahmed Gasim Hospital, Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum, ; Khartoum, Sudan

[5 ]GRID grid.440840.c, Department of Periodontics, , University of Science and Technology, ; Khartoum, Sudan

[6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7443, GRID grid.7914.b, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, , University of Bergen, ; Bergen, Norway

Article

Publisher ID: 1884

DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1884-2

PMC ID: 5399053

PubMed ID: 27343145

SO-VID: 5daec24a-59ae-46ed-8adc-33b0eeb4891d

License:

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

History

Date received : 4 December 2015

Date accepted : 13 June 2016

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

Keywords: caries,plaque,gingivitis,children,congenital heart defects

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

Keywords: caries, plaque, gingivitis, children, congenital heart defects

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Presence of plaque, gingivitis and caries in Sudanese children with congenital heart defects

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Abstract

Objectives

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusions

Clinical relevance

Related collections

Research from Sudan

Most cited references 33

Gingivitis as a risk factor in periodontal disease.

The relationship between caries in the primary dentition at 5 years of age and permanent dentition at 10 years of age - a longitudinal study.

Grouping of tooth surfaces by susceptibility to caries: a study in 5–16 year-old children

Author and article information

Contributors

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Article

History

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Comments

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Similar content 632

Cited by 11

Most referenced authors 401