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      New Zealand border restrictions amidst COVID-19 and their impacts on temporary migrant workers

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          Abstract

          In September 2021, Immigration New Zealand (INZ) announced the offer of a one-off residence visa category – the 2021 Resident Visa, to over 165,000 temporary migrant workers and their family members living in the country. The offer was a response to the backlog and growing numbers of applications that INZ was unable to attend to largely because of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on relevant statistical data, news media reports and available academic publications, this research note examines how New Zealand’s sanitization policies during the pandemic affected the lives of temporary migrant workers who hold various work visas.

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          COVID-19 in New Zealand and the impact of the national response: a descriptive epidemiological study

          Sarah Jefferies, Nigel French, Charlotte Gilkison … (2020)
          Background In early 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, New Zealand implemented graduated, risk-informed national COVID-19 suppression measures aimed at disease elimination. We investigated their impacts on the epidemiology of the first wave of COVID-19 in the country and response performance measures. Methods We did a descriptive epidemiological study of all laboratory-confirmed and probable cases of COVID-19 and all patients tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in New Zealand from Feb 2 to May 13, 2020, after which time community transmission ceased. We extracted data from the national notifiable diseases database and the national SARS-CoV-2 test results repository. Demographic features and disease outcomes, transmission patterns (source of infection, outbreaks, household transmission), time-to-event intervals, and testing coverage were described over five phases of the response, capturing different levels of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Risk factors for severe outcomes (hospitalisation or death) were examined with multivariable logistic regression and time-to-event intervals were analysed by fitting parametric distributions using maximum likelihood estimation. Findings 1503 cases were detected over the study period, including 95 (6·3%) hospital admissions and 22 (1·5%) COVID-19 deaths. The estimated case infection rate per million people per day peaked at 8·5 (95% CI 7·6–9·4) during the 10-day period of rapid response escalation, declining to 3·2 (2·8–3·7) in the start of lockdown and progressively thereafter. 1034 (69%) cases were imported or import related, tending to be younger adults, of European ethnicity, and of higher socioeconomic status. 702 (47%) cases were linked to 34 outbreaks. Severe outcomes were associated with locally acquired infection (crude odds ratio [OR] 2·32 [95% CI 1·40–3·82] compared with imported), older age (adjusted OR ranging from 2·72 [1·40–5·30] for 50–64 year olds to 8·25 [2·59–26·31] for people aged ≥80 years compared with 20–34 year olds), aged residential care residency (adjusted OR 3·86 [1·59–9·35]), and Pacific peoples (adjusted OR 2·76 [1·14–6·68]) and Asian (2·15 [1·10–4·20]) ethnicities relative to European or other. Times from illness onset to notification and isolation progressively decreased and testing increased over the study period, with few disparities and increasing coverage of females, Māori, Pacific peoples, and lower socioeconomic groups. Interpretation New Zealand's response resulted in low relative burden of disease, low levels of population disease disparities, and the initial achievement of COVID-19 elimination. Funding Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment Strategic Scientific Investment Fund, and Ministry of Health, New Zealand.
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            Going hard and early: Aotearoa New Zealand's response to Covid-19

            Jacqueline Cumming (2021)
            Aotearoa New Zealand went ‘hard’ and ‘early’ in its response to COVID-19 and has been highly successful in limiting the spread and impact of the virus. The response has ramped up over time, and has included various levels of: border control; advice on hygiene, physical distancing and mask wearing; advice to remain at home if unwell; and testing and tracing. A four-level Alert Level framework has guided key actions at different levels of risk. Strong leadership from the Prime Minister, Minister of Finance, and Director-General of Health and high levels of community co-operation have supported the response. The country is most vulnerable at its borders, where arrangements have been of concern; advice on testing and the wearing of masks has changed over time; while the use and distribution of personal protective equipment has also been of concern. The country overall was not well prepared for a pandemic, but policy-making has been nimble. Key challenges for 2021 include swiftly rolling out a vaccine, catching up on delayed health care, and deciding how and when the border can reopen. The economic, and associated social, challenges will last many years.
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              Keeping Bodies Moving: Hope, Disruption and the Possibilities of Youth Migration

              Francis L. Collins (2018)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Asian Pac Migr J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Asian Pac Migr J
                Journal ID (hwp): spamj
                Journal ID (publisher-id): AMJ
                Title: Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                ISSN (Print): 0117-1968
                ISSN (Electronic): 2057-049X
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 September 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 20 September 2022
                Electronic Location Identifier: 01171968221126206
                Affiliations
                [1-01171968221126206] Ringgold 168219, universityMassey University;
                [2-01171968221126206] Ringgold 3715, universityWaikato Institute of Technology;
                [3-01171968221126206] universityShangdong University;
                Author notes
                [*]Xiaoyun Jia, Institute of Governance & School of Politics and Public Administration, Shangdong University, Qingdao 266237, China. Email: Dr.sophiajia@ 123456outlook.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9937-9898
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5525-9349
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_01171968221126206
                DOI: 10.1177/01171968221126206
                PMC ID: 9490383
                PubMed ID: 38603233
                SO-VID: 5cf9ddce-546f-473c-be0d-e77a9a2b1600
                Copyright © © Scalabrini Migration Center 2022
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: New Zealand Health Research Council (HRC);
                Award ID: 20/985
                Categories
                Subject: The Politics of Sanitization: Pandemic Crisis, Migration and Development in Asia-Pacific-Special Issue Introduction
                Custom metadata
                edited-state corrected-proof
                typesetter ts10

                Keywords: covid-19,border restriction,immigration policy,migrants,migration management,new zealand
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, border restriction, immigration policy, migrants, migration management, new zealand

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