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      The Cannabis Terpenes

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          Abstract

          Terpenes are the primary constituents of essential oils and are responsible for the aroma characteristics of cannabis. Together with the cannabinoids, terpenes illustrate synergic and/or entourage effect and their interactions have only been speculated in for the last few decades. Hundreds of terpenes are identified that allude to cannabis sensory attributes, contributing largely to the consumer’s experiences and market price. They also enhance many therapeutic benefits, especially as aromatherapy. To shed light on the importance of terpenes in the cannabis industry, the purpose of this review is to morphologically describe sources of cannabis terpenes and to explain the biosynthesis and diversity of terpene profiles in different cannabis chemovars.

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          Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.

          Ethan Russo (2011)
          Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been the primary focus of cannabis research since 1964, when Raphael Mechoulam isolated and synthesized it. More recently, the synergistic contributions of cannabidiol to cannabis pharmacology and analgesia have been scientifically demonstrated. Other phytocannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabigerol and cannabichromene, exert additional effects of therapeutic interest. Innovative conventional plant breeding has yielded cannabis chemotypes expressing high titres of each component for future study. This review will explore another echelon of phytotherapeutic agents, the cannabis terpenoids: limonene, myrcene, α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol and phytol. Terpenoids share a precursor with phytocannabinoids, and are all flavour and fragrance components common to human diets that have been designated Generally Recognized as Safe by the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies. Terpenoids are quite potent, and affect animal and even human behaviour when inhaled from ambient air at serum levels in the single digits ng·mL(-1) . They display unique therapeutic effects that may contribute meaningfully to the entourage effects of cannabis-based medicinal extracts. Particular focus will be placed on phytocannabinoid-terpenoid interactions that could produce synergy with respect to treatment of pain, inflammation, depression, anxiety, addiction, epilepsy, cancer, fungal and bacterial infections (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Scientific evidence is presented for non-cannabinoid plant components as putative antidotes to intoxicating effects of THC that could increase its therapeutic index. Methods for investigating entourage effects in future experiments will be proposed. Phytocannabinoid-terpenoid synergy, if proven, increases the likelihood that an extensive pipeline of new therapeutic products is possible from this venerable plant. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7. © 2011 The Author. British Journal of Pharmacology © 2011 The British Pharmacological Society.
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            Isolation, Structure, and Partial Synthesis of an Active Constituent of Hashish

            Y GAONI, R Mechoulam (1964)
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              Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor

              W. Devane, L Hanus, Felix A. Breuer … (1993)
              Arachidonylethanolamide, an arachidonic acid derivative in porcine brain, was identified in a screen for endogenous ligands for the cannabinoid receptor. The structure of this compound, which has been named "anandamide," was determined by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and was confirmed by synthesis. Anandamide inhibited the specific binding of a radiolabeled cannabinoid probe to synaptosomal membranes in a manner typical of competitive ligands and produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of the electrically evoked twitch response to the mouse vas deferens, a characteristic effect of psychotropic cannabinoids. These properties suggest that anandamide may function as a natural ligand for the cannabinoid receptor.
              Article 0 comments Cited 322 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Luca Valgimigli: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 December 2020
                Publication date Collection: December 2020
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 24
                Electronic Location Identifier: 5792
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
                [2 ]Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
                [3 ]Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; chuda.c@ 123456cmu.ac.th (C.C.); warintorn.ruksiri@ 123456cmu.ac.th (W.R.); pensak.j@ 123456cmu.ac.th (P.J.)
                [4 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: sarana.s@ 123456cmu.ac.th
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7356-2598
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3940-6441
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-25-05792
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245792
                PMC ID: 7763918
                PubMed ID: 33302574
                SO-VID: 5c3bd3ec-85f5-4d41-9cce-59ff77b8a737
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 06 November 2020
                Date accepted : 08 December 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: essential oil,hemp,marijuana,trichomes,volatile profile
                Data availability:
                Keywords: essential oil, hemp, marijuana, trichomes, volatile profile

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