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      Incidence of bloodstream infection among patients on hemodialysis by central venous catheter Translated title: Incidência de infecção da corrente sanguínea nos pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise por cateter venoso central Translated title: Incidencia de infección de la corriente sanguínea em los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis por catéter venoso central

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          Abstract

          This study evaluated the incidence and risk factors of bloodstream infection (BSI) among patients with a double-lumen central venous catheter (CVC) for hemodialysis (HD) and identified the microorganisms isolated from the bloodstream. A follow-up included all patients (n=156) who underwent hemodialysis by double-lumen CVC at the Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil, over a one-year period. From the group of patients, 94 presented BSI, of whom 39 had positive cultures at the central venous catheter insertion location. Of the 128 microorganisms isolated from the bloodstream, 53 were S. aureus, 30 were methicillin-sensitive and 23 were methicillin-resistant. Complications related to BSI included 35 cases of septicemia and 27 cases of endocarditis, of which 15 cases progressed to death. The incidence of BSI among these patients was shown to be very high, and this BSI progressed rapidly to the condition of severe infection with a high mortality rate.

          Translated abstract

          O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incidência e os fatores de risco de infecção da corrente sanguínea (ICS) em pacientes com cateter venoso central (CVC) duplo lúmen, para hemodiálise (HD) e identificar os micro-organismos isolados na corrente sanguínea. Como método, usou-se o follow up, realizado no período de um ano, incluindo todos os 156 pacientes que estavam em tratamento de HD por CVC duplo lúmen, na Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP. Os resultados mostraram que dos 156 pacientes estudados, 94 apresentaram ICS, desses, 39 tiveram culturas positivas no local de inserção do cateter. Dos 128 micro-organismos isolados da corrente sanguínea, 53 eram S.aureus, dos quais 30 eram sensíveis à metilcilina e 23 resistentes. Entre as complicações relacionadas à ICS, houve 35 casos de septicemia e 27 casos de endocardite, dos quais 15 progrediram a óbito. A incidência de ICS neste grupo de pacientes mostrou-se bastante elevada bem como sua progressão para quadros infecciosos de grande magnitude e óbito.

          Translated abstract

          El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de infección de la corriente sanguínea (ICS) en pacientes con catéter venoso central (CVC) doble lumen, para hemodiálisis (HD) e identificar los microorganismos aislados en la corriente sanguínea. Como método, se uso el acompañamiento, realizado en el período de un año, incluyendo todos los 156 pacientes que estaban en tratamiento de HD por CVC doble lumen, en la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo - UNIFESP. Los resultados mostraron que de los 156 pacientes estudiados, 94 presentaron ICS, de estos, 39 tuvieron culturas positivas en el local de inserción del catéter. De los 128 microorganismos aislados de la corriente sanguínea, 53 eran S.aureus, de los cuales 30 eran sensibles a la metilcilina y 23 resistentes. Entre las complicaciones relacionadas a la ICS, hubo 35 casos de septicemia y 27 casos de endocarditis, de los cuales 15 resultaron en muerte. La incidencia de ICS en este grupo de pacientes se mostró bastante elevada así como su progresión para cuadros infecciosos de gran magnitud y de muerte.

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          Vascular access and all-cause mortality: a propensity score analysis.

          The native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred vascular access because of its longevity and its lower rates of infection and intervention. Recent studies suggest that the AVF may offer a survival advantage. Because these data were derived from observational studies, they are prone to potential bias. The use of propensity scores offers an additional method to reduce bias resulting from nonrandomized treatment assignment. Adult (age 18 yr or more) patients who commenced hemodialysis in Australia and New Zealand on April 1, 1999, until March 31, 2002, were studied by using the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Association (ANZDATA) Registry. Cox regression was used to determine the effect of access type on total mortality. Propensity scores were calculated and used both as a controlling variable in the multivariable model and to construct matched cohorts. The catheter analysis was stratified by dialysis duration at entry to ANZDATA to satisfy the proportional-hazard assumption. There were 612 deaths in 3749 patients (median follow-up, 1.07 yr). After adjustment for confounding factors and propensity scores, catheter use was predictive of mortality. Patients with arteriovenous grafts (AVG) also had a significantly increased risk of death. Effect estimates were also consistent in the smaller propensity score-matched cohorts. Both AVG and catheter use in incident hemodialysis patients are associated with significant excess of total mortality. Reducing catheter use and increasing the proportion of patients commencing hemodialysis with a mature AVF remain important clinical objectives.
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            Clinical outcomes and costs due to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia among patients receiving long-term hemodialysis.

            To examine the clinical outcomes and costs associated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia among hemodialysis-dependent patients. Prospectively identified cohort study. A tertiary-care university medical center in North Carolina. Two hundred ten hemodialysis-dependent adults with end-stage renal disease hospitalized with S. aureus bacteremia. The majority of the patients (117; 55.7%) underwent dialysis via tunneled catheters, and 29.5% (62) underwent dialysis via synthetic arteriovenous fistulas. Vascular access was the suspected source of bacteremia in 185 patients (88.1%). Complications occurred in 31.0% (65), and the overall 12-week mortality rate was 19.0% (40). The mean cost of treating S. aureus bacteremia, including readmissions and outpatient costs, was $24,034 per episode. The mean initial hospitalization cost was significantly greater for patients with complicated versus uncomplicated S. aureus bacteremia ($32,462 vs $17,011; P = .002). Interventions to decrease the rate of S. aureus bacteremia are needed in this high-risk, hemodialysis-dependent population.
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              Infective endocarditis in dialysis patients: new challenges and old.

              Since the 1960s chronic hemodialysis (HD) has been recognized as a risk factor for the development of infective endocarditis (IE). Historically, it has been particularly associated with vascular access via dual lumen catheters. We wished to examine the risk factors for, and consequences of, IE in the modern dialysis era. Cases of IE (using the Duke criteria) at St. Thomas' Hospital (1980 to 1995), Guy's (1995 to 2002), and King's College Hospitals (1996 to 2002) were reviewed. Twenty-eight patients were identified as having developed IE (30 episodes of IE). Twenty-seven patients were on long-term HD and one patient was on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Mean age was 54.1 years, and mean duration of HD prior to IE was 46.3 months. Eight patients were diabetic. Primary HD hemoaccess was an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in 41.3%, a dual-lumen tunneled catheter (DLTC) in 37.9%, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft in 10.3%, and a dual- lumen non-tunneled catheter (DLNTC) in 4%. The presumed source of sepsis was directly related to hemoaccess in 25 HD patients: DLTC in 48%; AVF in 32%; PTFE in 12%; and DLNTC in 4%. Staphylococcus aureus[including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)] was present in 63.3%. The mitral valve was affected in 41.4% of patients, aortic valve in 37.9% of patients, and both valves were affected in 17.2% of patients. Of note, 51.7% of patients had an abnormal valve before the episode of IE. In 15 cases surgery was undertaken. Fourteen patients survived to discharge, and 12 survived for 30 days. In 15 cases antibiotic treatment alone was employed; in this case, eight patients died and seven survived to discharge. This is the largest reported confirmed IE series in dialysis patients. Infective endocarditis in HD patients remains a challenging problem-although hemoaccess via dual-lumen catheters remains a significant risk, many cases developed in patients with AVFs and this group suffered the greatest mortality. An abnormal valve (frequently calcified) was another risk factor; because valve calcification is now common after 5 years on dialysis, more effort in preventing this avoidable form of ectopic calcification may reduce the risk of developing IE.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rlae
                Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
                Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem
                Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo (, SP, Brazil )
                0104-1169
                1518-8345
                February 2010
                : 18
                : 1
                : 73-80
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Departamento de Enfermagem Brazil
                Article
                S0104-11692010000100012 S0104-1169(10)01800112
                5bea37e2-4b1f-43e0-8716-c2d1d6fadb0e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 September 2009
                : 05 May 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 18, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Revista de Enfermagem

                Categories
                Original Article

                Cateterismo,Diálisis Renal,Staphylococcus aureus,Diálise Renal,Renal Dialysis,Catheterization

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