Article Information
Accepted for Publication: October 7, 2021.
Published Online: December 30, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6987
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
CC-BY License. © 2021 Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration.
JAMA Oncology.
Corresponding Author: Jonathan M. Kocarnik, PhD, MPH, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Population
Health Building/Hans Rosling Center, University of Washington, Box #351615, 3980 15th
Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195 (
kocarnik@
123456uw.edu
).
The Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration Authors: The following investigators take authorship responsibility for the study results:
Jonathan M. Kocarnik, PhD; Kelly Compton, BS; Frances E. Dean, BA; Weijia Fu, MSc;
Brian L. Gaw, MLIS; James D. Harvey, BS; Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, BA; Dan Lu,
MEd; Alyssa Pennini, MSc; Rixing Xu, BS; Emad Ababneh, MD; Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari,
MD; Hedayat Abbastabar, PhD; Sherief M. Abd-Elsalam, MD; Amir Abdoli, PhD; Aidin Abedi,
MD; Hassan Abidi, PhD; Hassan Abolhassani, PhD; Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, PhD; Qorinah
Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, PhD; Shailesh M. Advani, MD, PhD; Muhammad Sohail Afzal,
PhD; Mohammad Aghaali, PhD; Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, MPH; Sajjad Ahmad, PhD; Tauseef
Ahmad, MS; Ali Ahmadi, MS; Sepideh Ahmadi, PhD; Tarik Ahmed Rashid, PhD; Yusra Ahmed
Salih, PhD; Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, MSc, PhD; Addis Aklilu, MSc; Tayyaba Akram, PhD;
Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, DMD; Hanadi Al Hamad, MD; Fares Alahdab, MSc; Ziyad Al-Aly,
MD; Saqib Ali, PhD; Yousef Alimohamadi, PhD; Vahid Alipour, PhD; Syed Mohamed Aljunid,
PhD; Motasem Alkhayyat, MD; Amir Almasi-Hashiani, PhD; Nihad A. Almasri, PhD; Sadeq
Ali Ali Al-Maweri, PhD; Sami Almustanyir, MD; Nivaldo Alonso, MD; Nelson Alvis-Guzman,
PhD; Hubert Amu, PhD; Etsay Woldu Anbesu, MPH; Robert Ancuceanu, PhD; Fereshteh Ansari,
PhD; Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, PhD; Maxwell Hubert Antwi, MPhil; Davood Anvari, PhD;
Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, PhD; Muhammad Aqeel, PhD; Jalal Arabloo, PhD; Morteza
Arab-Zozani, PhD; Olatunde Aremu, PhD; Hany Ariffin, MD; Timur Aripov, PhD; Muhammad
Arshad, PhD; Al Artaman, MD, PhD, MHA; Judie Arulappan, DSc; Zatollah Asemi, PhD;
Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, PhD; Tahira Ashraf, MS; Prince Atorkey, MPhil; Avinash
Aujayeb, MBBS; Marcel Ausloos, PhD; Atalel Fentahun Awedew, MD; Beatriz Paulina Ayala
Quintanilla, PhD; Temesgen Ayenew, MSc; Mohammed A. Azab, MD; Sina Azadnajafabad,
MD, MPH; Amirhossein Azari Jafari, MD; Ghasem Azarian, PhD; Ahmed Y. Azzam, MBBCh;
Ashish D. Badiye, PhD, MSc; Saeed Bahadory, PhD; Atif Amin Baig, PhD; Jennifer L.
Baker, PhD; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, PhD; Maciej Banach, PhD; Till Winfried Bärnighausen,
MD; Francesco Barone-Adesi, PhD; Fabio Barra, MD; Amadou Barrow, MPH; Masoud Behzadifar,
PhD; Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, MD; Woldesellassie M. Mequanint Bezabhe, BPharm, MSc, PhD;
Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih, MD; Devidas S. Bhagat, PhD; Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula,
PharmD; Nikha Bhardwaj, MD; Pankaj Bhardwaj, MD; Sonu Bhaskar, MD, PhD; Krittika Bhattacharyya,
MSc; Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja, MD; Sadia Bibi, PhD; Ali Bijani, PhD; Antonio Biondi,
PhD; Catherine Bisignano, MPH; Tone Bjørge, PhD; Archie Bleyer, MD; Oleg Blyuss, PhD;
Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, MSc; Srinivasa Rao Bolla, PhD; Dejana Braithwaite, PhD;
Amanpreet Brar, MD; Hermann Brenner, MD; Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, PhD; Nadeem
Shafique Butt, PhD; Zahid A. Butt, PhD; Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, PhD;
Yin Cao, DSc; Giulia Carreras, PhD; Ferrán Catalá-López, PhD; Francieli Cembranel,
DSc; Ester Cerin, PhD; Achille Cernigliaro, MSc; Raja Chandra Chakinala, MD; Soosanna
Kumary Chattu, PhD; Vijay Kumar Chattu, MD; Pankaj Chaturvedi, MD; Odgerel Chimed-Ochir,
MD, MPH, PhD; Daniel Youngwhan Cho, MD; Devasahayam J. Christopher, MD; Dinh-Toi Chu,
PhD; Michael T. Chung, MD; Joao Conde, PhD; Sanda Cortés, DrPH; Paolo Angelo Cortesi,
PhD; Vera Marisa Costa, PhD; Amanda Ramos Cunha, PhD; Omid Dadras, DrPH; Amare Belachew
Dagnew, MSc; Saad M. A. Dahlawi, PhD; Xiaochen Dai, PhD; Lalit Dandona, MD, MPH; Rakhi
Dandona, PhD; Aso Mohammad Darwesh, PhD; José das Neves, PhD; Fernando Pio De la Hoz,
PhD; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, MSc; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, DSc; Deepak Dhamnetiya, MD;
Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, PhD; Meghnath Dhimal, PhD; Mostafa Dianatinasab, MSc; Daniel
Diaz, PhD; Shirin Djalalinia, PhD; Huyen Phuc Do, PhD; Saeid Doaei, PhD; Fariba Dorostkar,
PhD; Francisco Winter dos Santos Figueiredo, PhD; Tim Robert Driscoll, PhD; Hedyeh
Ebrahimi, MD; Sahar Eftekharzadeh, MD; Maha El Tantawi, PhD; Hassan El-Abid, PhD;
Iffat Elbarazi, DrPH; Hala Rashad Elhabashy, MD; Muhammed Elhadi, MD; Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary,
MD; Babak Eshrati, PhD; Sharareh Eskandarieh, PhD; Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, PhD; Arash
Etemadi, PhD; Sayeh Ezzikouri, PhD; Mohammed Faisaluddin, MD; Emerito Jose A. Faraon,
MD; Jawad Fares, MD, MSc; Farshad Farzadfar, DSc; Abdullah Hamid Feroze, MD; Simone
Ferrero, PhD; Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, MD; Irina Filip, MD; Florian Fischer, MPH, PhD;
James L. Fisher, PhD; Masoud Foroutan, PhD; Takeshi Fukumoto, PhD; Peter Andras Gaal,
PhD; Mohamed M. Gad, MD; Muktar A. Gadanya, MD; Silvano Gallus, DSc; Mariana Gaspar
Fonseca, PhD; Abera Getachew Obsa, MA; Mansour Ghafourifard, PhD; Ahmad Ghashghaee,
BSc; Nermin Ghith, PhD; Maryam Gholamalizadeh, PhD; Syed Amir Gilani, MBBS, PhD; Themba
G. Ginindza, PhD; Abraham Tamirat T. Gizaw; James C. Glasbey, MBBCh, BSc, MRCS; Mahaveer
Golechha, PhD; Pouya Goleij, MSc; Ricardo Santiago Gomez, PhD; Sameer Vali Gopalani,
MPH; Giuseppe Gorini, MD; Houman Goudarzi, PhD; Giuseppe Grosso, PhD; Mohammed Ibrahim
Mohialdeen Gubari, PhD; Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, PhD; Avirup Guha, MD; D. Sanjeeva
Gunasekera, MD; Bhawna Gupta, PhD; Veer Bala Gupta, PhD; Vivek Kumar Gupta, PhD; Reyna
Alma Gutiérrez, PhD; Nima Hafezi-Nejad, MD; Mohammad Rifat Haider, PhD, MPS, MHE,
MBBS; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, MD; Rabih Halwani, PhD; Randah R. Hamadeh, DPhil; Sajid
Hameed, MPH; Samer Hamidi, DrPH; Asif Hanif, PhD; Shafiul Haque, PhD; Netanja I. Harlianto,
BSc; Josep Maria Haro, MD; Ahmed I. Hasaballah, PhD; Soheil Hassanipour, PhD; Roderick
J. Hay, MD; Simon I. Hay, DSc; Khezar Hayat, MS; Golnaz Heidari, MD; Mohammad Heidari,
PhD; Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, PhD; Claudiu Herteliu, PhD; Kamal Hezam, PhD; Ramesh
Holla, MD; Md Mahbub Hossain, MPH; Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain, PhD; Mohammad-Salar
Hosseini, MD; Mostafa Hosseini, PhD; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, PhD; Mihaela Hostiuc, PhD;
Sorin Hostiuc, PhD; Mowafa Househ, PhD; Mohamed Hsairi, MPH; Junjie Huang, MD; Fernando
N. Hugo, PhD; Rabia Hussain, PhD; Nawfal R. Hussein, PhD; Bing-Fang Hwang, PhD; Ivo
Iavicoli, PhD; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, MPH; Fidelia Ida, PhD; Kevin S. Ikuta, MD;
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, PhD; Irena M. Ilic, PhD; Milena D. Ilic, PhD; Lalu Muhammad
Irham, PhD; Jessica Y. Islam, PhD; Rakibul M. Islam, PhD; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
Islam, PhD; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, PhD; Gaetano Isola, PhD; Masao Iwagami, MD;
Louis Jacob, MD; Vardhmaan Jain, MD; Mihajlo B. Jakovljevic, MD, PhD; Tahereh Javaheri,
PhD; Shubha Jayaram, MD; Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, MD; Ravi Prakash Jha, MSc; Jost B.
Jonas, MD; Tamas Joo, MSc; Nitin Joseph, MBBS, MD; Farahnaz Joukar, PhD; Mikk Jürisson,
PhD; Ali Kabir, MD; Danial Kahrizi, PhD; Leila R. Kalankesh, PhD; Rohollah Kalhor,
PhD; Feroze Kaliyadan, MD; Yogeshwar Kalkonde, MD; Ashwin Kamath, MD; Nawzad Kameran
Al-Salihi, PhD; Himal Kandel, PhD; Neeti Kapoor, PhD, MSc, BSc; André Karch, MD; Ayele
Semachew Kasa, MSc; Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, PhD; Joonas H. Kauppila, MD, PhD;
Taras Kavetskyy, PhD; Sewnet Adem Kebede, MPH; Pedram Keshavarz, MD; Mohammad Keykhaei,
MD; Yousef Saleh Khader, Bsc, Msc, PhD; Rovshan Khalilov, PhD; Gulfaraz Khan, PhD;
Maseer Khan, MD; Md Nuruzzaman Khan, PhD; Moien A. B. Khan, MSc; Young-Ho Khang, MD,
PhD; Amir M. Khater, MD; Maryam Khayamzadeh, MD; Gyu Ri Kim, PhD; Yun Jin Kim, PhD;
Adnan Kisa; Sezer Kisa, PhD; Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, PhD; Jacek A. Kopec, PhD;
Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, MD; Parvaiz A. Koul, MD; Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana,
MD; Ai Koyanagi, MD; Burcu Kucuk Bicer, PhD; Nuworza Kugbey, PhD; G. Anil Kumar, PhD;
Narinder Kumar, MS; Nithin Kumar, MD; Om P. Kurmi, PhD; Tezer Kutluk, MD; Carlo La
Vecchia, MD; Faris Hasan Lami, PhD; Iván Landires, MD; Paolo Lauriola, MD; Sang-woong
Lee, PhD; Shaun Wen Huey Lee, PhD; Wei-Chen Lee, PhD; Yo Han Lee, PhD; James Leigh,
MD; Elvynna Leong, PhD; Jiarui Li, MD; Ming-Chieh Li, PhD; Xuefeng Liu, PhD; Joana
A. Loureiro, PhD; Raimundas Lunevicius, MD, PhD, DSc; Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek,
MSc; Azeem Majeed, MD; Alaa Makki, PhD; Shilpa Male, DNB; Ahmad Azam Malik, PhD; Mohammad
Ali Mansournia, MD, MPH, PhD; Santi Martini, PhD; Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, PhD; Prashant
Mathur, PhD; Martin McKee, DSc; Ravi Mehrotra, DPhil; Walter Mendoza, MD; Ritesh G.
Menezes, MD; Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, MPH; Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, MSc; Tomislav
Mestrovic, PhD; Junmei Miao Jonasson, PhD; Bartosz Miazgowski, MD; Tomasz Miazgowski,
MD; Irmina Maria Michalek, MD, PhD; Ted R. Miller, MS, MCP, PhD; Hamed Mirzaei, PhD;
Hamid Reza Mirzaei, PhD; Sanjeev Misra, MCh; Prasanna Mithra, MD; Masoud Moghadaszadeh,
PhD; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, PhD; Yousef Mohammad, MD; Mokhtar Mohammadi, PhD;
Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, PhD; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, PhD; Shafiu Mohammed,
PhD; Nagabhishek Moka, MD; Ali H. Mokdad, PhD; Mariam Molokhia, PhD; Lorenzo Monasta,
DSc; Mohammad Ali Moni, PhD; Mohammad Amin Moosavi, PhD; Yousef Moradi, PhD; Paula
Moraga, PhD; Joana Morgado-da-Costa, MSc; Shane Douglas Morrison, MD; Abbas Mosapour,
PhD; Sumaira Mubarik, MS; Lillian Mwanri, PhD; Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, MTech;
Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, DM; Chie Nagata, PhD; Mukhammad David Naimzada, MD; Vinay
Nangia, MD; Atta Abbas Naqvi, PhD; Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, MD; Rawlance Ndejjo,
MSc; Sabina O. Nduaguba, PhD; Ionut Negoi, PhD; Serban Mircea Negru, MD; Sandhya Neupane
Kandel, BSN; Cuong Tat Nguyen, MPH; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, MPH; Robina Khan Niazi,
PhD; Chukwudi A. Nnaji, MBBS, MPH; Nurulamin M. Noor, MPhil; Virginia Nuñez-Samudio,
PhD; Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, MPH; Bogdan Oancea, PhD; Chimedsuren Ochir, PhD; Oluwakemi
Ololade Odukoya, MSc; Felix Akpojene Ogbo, PhD; Andrew T. Olagunju, MD; Babayemi Oluwaseun
Olakunde, PhD; Emad Omar, PhD; Ahmed Omar Bali, PhD; Abidemi E. Emmanuel Omonisi,
MBBS; Sokking Ong, MBBS; Obinna E. Onwujekwe, PhD; Hans Orru, PhD; Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano,
DrPH; Nikita Otstavnov, BA; Stanislav S. Otstavnov, PhD; Mayowa O. Owolabi, DrM; Mahesh
P A, DNB; Jagadish Rao Padubidri, MD, DNB; Keyvan Pakshir, PhD; Adrian Pana, MD, MPH;
Demosthenes Panagiotakos, PhD; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, MD; Shahina Pardhan, PhD;
Eun-Cheol Park, PhD; Eun-Kee Park, PhD; Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, BSN; Harsh K. Patel,
MD; Jenil R. Patel, PhD; Siddhartha Pati, PhD; Sanjay M. Pattanshetty, MD; Uttam Paudel,
PhD; David M. Pereira, PhD; Renato B. Pereira, PhD; Arokiasamy Perianayagam, PhD;
Julian David Pillay, PhD; Saeed Pirouzpanah, PhD; Farhad Pishgar, MD; Indrashis Podder,
MD; Maarten J. Postma, PhD; Hadi Pourjafar, PhD; Akila Prashant, PhD; Liliana Preotescu,
PhD; Mohammad Rabiee, PhD; Navid Rabiee, PhD; Amir Radfar, MD; Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan,
PhD; Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, MD; Ata Rafiee, MSc; Fakher Rahim, PhD; Shadi Rahimzadeh,
MSc; Mosiur Rahman, DrPH; Muhammad Aziz Rahman, PhD; Amir Masoud Rahmani, PhD; Nazanin
Rajai, MD; Aashish Rajesh, MD; Ivo Rakovac, PhD; Pradhum Ram, MD; Kiana Ramezanzadeh,
PharmD; Kamal Ranabhat, MPH; Priyanga Ranasinghe, PhD; Chythra R. Rao, MD; Sowmya
J. Rao, MDS; Reza Rawassizadeh, PhD; Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, MSc; Andre M. N.
Renzaho, PhD; Negar Rezaei, PhD; Nima Rezaei, PhD; Aziz Rezapour, PhD; Thomas J. Roberts,
MD, MBA; Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, PhD; Peter Rohloff, MD; Michele Romoli,
MD; Luca Ronfani, PhD; Gholamreza Roshandel, PhD; Godfrey M. Rwegerera, MD; Manjula
S, MDS; Siamak Sabour, PhD; Basema Saddik, PhD; Umar Saeed, PhD; Amirhossein Sahebkar,
PhD; Harihar Sahoo, PhD; Sana Salehi, MD; Marwa Rashad Salem, MD; Hamideh Salimzadeh,
PhD; Mehrnoosh Samaei, MD; Abdallah M. Samy, PhD; Juan Sanabria, MD; Senthilkumar
Sankararaman, MD; Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, PhD; Yaeesh Sardiwalla, MD; Arash Sarveazad,
PhD; Brijesh Sathian, PhD; Monika Sawhney, PhD; Mete Saylan, MD; Ione Jayce Ceola
Schneider, PhD; Mario Sekerija, PhD; Allen Seylani, BS; Omid Shafaat, MD; Zahra Shaghaghi,
PhD; Masood Ali Shaikh, MD; Erfan Shamsoddin, DDS; Mohammed Shannawaz, PhD; Rajesh
Sharma, PhD; Aziz Sheikh, MD; Sara Sheikhbahaei, MD; Adithi Shetty, MS; Jeevan K.
Shetty, MD; Pavanchand H. Shetty, MD; Kenji Shibuya, MD; Reza Shirkoohi, PhD; K. M.
Shivakumar, PhD; Velizar Shivarov, PhD; Soraya Siabani, PhD; Sudeep K. Siddappa Malleshappa,
MD; Diego Augusto Santos Silva, PhD; Jasvinder A. Singh, MD; Yitagesu Sintayehu, MSc;
Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, PhD, MD; Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, MD; Matthew J.
Soeberg, PhD; Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi, DDS; Houman Sotoudeh, MD; Paschalis Steiropoulos,
MD; Kurt Straif, PhD; Ranjeeta Subedi, MPH; Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, MSB, MD; Iyad
Sultan, MD; Saima Sultana, MPH; Daniel Sur, PhD; Viktória Szerencsés, MA; Miklós Szócska,
PhD; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, PhD; Takahiro Tabuchi, MD; Hooman Tadbiri, MD, Msc,
MPH; Amir Taherkhani, PhD; Ken Takahashi, PhD; Iman M. Talaat, MD, PhD; Ker-Kan Tan,
PhD; Vivian Y. Tat, BS; Bemnet Amare A. Tedla, PhD; Yonas Getaye Tefera, MSc; Arash
Tehrani-Banihashemi, PhD; Mohamad-Hani Temsah, MD; Fisaha Haile Tesfay, PhD; Gizachew
Assefa Tessema, PhD; Rekha Thapar, MD; Aravind Thavamani, MD; Viveksandeep Thoguluva
Chandrasekar, MD; Nihal Thomas, PhD; Hamid Reza Tohidinik, PhD; Mathilde Touvier,
PhD; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, PhD; Eugenio Traini, MSc; Bach Xuan Tran, PhD;
Khanh Bao Tran, MD; Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, PhD; Jaya Prasad Tripathy, MD; Biruk Shalmeno
Tusa, MPH; Irfan Ullah, PhD; Saif Ullah, PhD; Krishna Kishore Umapathi, MD; Bhaskaran
Unnikrishnan, MD; Era Upadhyay, PhD; Marco Vacante, PhD; Maryam Vaezi, MD; Sahel Valadan
Tahbaz, PhD; Diana Zuleika Velazquez, MSc; Massimiliano Veroux, MD, PhD; Francesco
S. Violante, MD; Vasily Vlassov, MD; Bay Vo, PhD; Victor Volovici, MD, PhD; Giang
Thu Vu, BA; Yasir Waheed, PhD; Richard G. Wamai, PhD; Paul Ward, PhD; Yi Feng Wen,
PhD; Ronny Westerman, DSc; Andrea Sylvia Winkler, PhD; Lalit Yadav, PhD; Seyed Hossein
Yahyazadeh Jabbari, MD; Lin Yang, PhD; Sanni Yaya, PhD; Taklo Simeneh Yazie Yazie,
MSc; Yigizie Yeshaw, MPH; Naohiro Yonemoto, PhD; Mustafa Z. Younis, PhD; Zabihollah
Yousefi, PhD; Chuanhua Yu, PhD; Deniz Yuce, MD; Ismaeel Yunusa, PharmD, PhD; Vesna
Zadnik, PhD; Fariba Zare, MSc; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, PhD; Anasthasia Zastrozhina,
PhD; Jianrong Zhang, MD, MPH; Chenwen Zhong, MD; Linghui Zhou, MD; Cong Zhu, MPH;
Arash Ziapour, PhD; Ivan R. Zimmermann, PhD; Christina Fitzmaurice, MD; Christopher
J. L. Murray, DPhil; Lisa M. Force, MD, MPH.
Affiliations of The Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration Authors: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (Kocarnik,
Compton, Dean, Fu, Gaw, Harvey, Lu, Pennini, Xu, Bisignano, Dai, L. Dandona, R. Dandona,
S. I. Hay, Ikuta, Mokdad, Fitzmaurice, Murray, Force); Department of Global Health,
Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (Henrikson); Department of Medicine, Brigham
and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Henrikson); Pathology and Laboratory
Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Ababneh); Social Determinants
of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran (Abbasi-Kangevari); Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research
Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Abbastabar); Tropical
Medicine Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt (Abd-Elsalam); Zoonoses Research
Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran (Abdoli); Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (Abedi); Laboratory
Technology Sciences Department, Yasouj University, Yasuj, Iran (Abidi); Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden (Abolhassani);
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran (Abolhassani, Nima Rezaei); Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University,
Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria (Adedeji); Department of Midwifery, Karya Husada Institute of Health
Sciences, Kediri, Indonesia (Adnani); Department of Midwifery, Auckland University
of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand (Adnani); Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation,
Los Angeles, California (Advani); School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington,
DC (Advani); Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology,
Lahore, Pakistan (Afzal); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University
of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran (Aghaali); The Australian Centre for Public and Population
Health Research, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
(Ahinkorah); Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad,
Islamabad, Pakistan (S. Ahmad, Waheed); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics,
Southeast University, Nanjing, China (T. Ahmad); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran (A. Ahmadi, Mohammadian-Hafshejani);
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran (A. Ahmadi, Sabour); School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S. Ahmadi); Department of Computer Science
and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq (Ahmed Rashid); Database
Technology Department, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq (Ahmed
Salih); College of Informatics, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
(Ahmed Salih); Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, St Paul's Hospital
Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Akalu); Microbial, Cellular and
Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Akalu); Department
of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia (Aklilu);
School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
(Akram); Department of Public Health, Intercountry Centre for Oral Health for Africa,
Jos, Nigeria (Akunna); Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki,
Nigeria (Akunna); Geriatric and Long-Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation,
Doha, Qatar (Al Hamad, Sathian); Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha,
Qatar (Al Hamad); Mayo Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for
Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota (Alahdab); John T. Milliken Department
of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri (Al-Aly);
Clinical Epidemiology Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, Missouri (Al-Aly);
Department of Information Systems, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman (Ali); Pars
Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Alimohamadi); Department
of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran (Alimohamadi, Mostafa Hosseini, Mansournia); Health Management and Economics
Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Alipour, Arabloo,
Ghashghaee, Rezapour); Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Alipour); Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait
University, Safat, Kuwait (Aljunid); International Centre for Casemix and Clinical
Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia (Aljunid); Department
of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Alkhayyat, Jain); Department
of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran (Almasi-Hashiani);
Physiotherapy Department, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan (Almasri); College of
Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (Al-Maweri); Faculty of Dentistry,
Sana'a University, Sana’a, Yemen (Al-Maweri); College of Medicine, Alfaisal University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Almustanyir); Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Almustanyir);
Department of Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Alonso); Research
Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla,
Colombia (Alvis-Guzman); Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena,
Cartagena, Colombia (Alvis-Guzman); Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences,
University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana (Amu); Department of Public Health,
Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia (Anbesu); Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania (Ancuceanu); Research Center for Evidence
Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Ansari); Razi
Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension
Organization, Tehran, Iran (Ansari); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (Ansari-Moghaddam); Clinical
Laboratory Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana (Antwi); Department of
Molecular Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
(Antwi); Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari,
Iran (Anvari); Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences,
Iranshahr, Iran (Anvari); School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Orange,
New South Wales, Australia (Anyasodor); Department of Psychology, Foundation University
Islamabad, Rawalpandi, Pakistan (Aqeel); Social Determinants of Health Research Center,
Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran (Arab-Zozani); Department of
Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, England (Aremu); Department
of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Ariffin); University
of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Ariffin);
Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical
Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (Aripov); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
(Aripov); Allied Health Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Timergara, Lower Dir,
Pakistan (Arshad); Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Artaman); Department
of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman (Arulappan);
Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University
of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran (Asemi, H. Mirzaei); Department of Biostatistics
and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Asghari Jafarabadi);
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences,
Zanjan, Iran (Asghari Jafarabadi); Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical
Imaging Technology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (Ashraf); School of Medicine
and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
(Atorkey); Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia
(Atorkey); Northumbria HealthCare National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust,
NHS England, Newcastle upon Tyne, England (Aujayeb); School of Business, University
of Leicester, Leicester, England (Ausloos); Department of Statistics and Econometrics,
Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania (Ausloos, Herteliu, Pana);
Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Awedew); The
Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ayala Quintanilla);
San Martin de Porres University, Lima, Peru (Ayala Quintanilla); Department of Nursing,
Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia (Ayenew); Department of Neurosurgery,
Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (Azab); Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran,
Iran (Azadnajafabad); School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences,
Shahroud, Iran (Azari Jafari); Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan
University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran (Azarian); Faculty of Medicine, October
6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt (Azzam); Department of Forensic Science,
Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India (Badiye, Kapoor); Department
of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (Bahadory); Department of
Parasitology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (Bahadory); Unit
of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia (Baig);
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Frederiksberg,
Denmark (Baker); Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
(Balakrishnan); Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
(Banach); Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland (Banach);
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
(Bärnighausen); T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
(Bärnighausen); Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont,
Novara, Italy (Barone-Adesi); Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University
of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Barra); Department of Public and Environmental Health, University
of the Gambia, Brikama, The Gambia (Barrow); Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit,
Ministry of Health, Kotu, The Gambia (Barrow); Social Determinants of Health Research
Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran (Behzadifar); Department
of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad,
India (Belgaumi); University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Victoria, Australia (Bezabhe);
Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (Bezabhe); Department of Internal Medicine,
Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (Bezabih); One Health, University of Nantes,
Nantes, France (Bezabih); Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of
Forensic Science, Aurangabad, India (Bhagat); Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy,
Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic (Bhagavathula); Institute of Public
Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates (Bhagavathula,
Elbarazi); Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India (N.
Bhardwaj); Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute
of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India (P. Bhardwaj); School of Public Health, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India (P. Bhardwaj); Neurovascular Imaging
Laboratory, New South Wales Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Bhaskar);
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District
and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Bhaskar); Department of
Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics,
Kalyani, India (Bhattacharyya); Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta,
Kolkata, India (Bhattacharyya); Department of Anatomy, Manipal University College
Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia (Bhojaraja); Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan (Bibi, S. Ullah); Social
Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol,
Iran (Bijani); Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University
of Catania, Catania, Italy (Biondi, Vacante); Department of Global Public Health and
Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Bjørge); Cancer Registry of Norway,
Oslo, Norway (Bjørge); Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science
University, Portland (Bleyer); McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston
(Bleyer); School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire,
Hatfield, England (Blyuss); Institute for Women's Health, University College London,
London, England (Blyuss); Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal,
Durban, South Africa (Bolarinwa); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University,
Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan (Bolla); Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida,
Gainesville (Braithwaite); Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida
Health Cancer Center, Gainesville (Braithwaite); Department of Surgery, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Brar); Division of Clinical Epidemiology and
Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (Brenner); Department
of Public Health, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil (Bustamante-Teixeira,
Guerra); Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia (N. S. Butt); School of Public Health and Health Systems, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (Z. A. Butt); Al Shifa School of Public Health,
Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (Z. A. Butt); Institute of Microengineering,
Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (Caetano dos Santos);
Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri (Cao);
Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy (Carreras);
National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (Catalá-López);
Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada (Catalá-López); Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina,
Florianópolis, Brazil (Cembranel); Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian
Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Cerin); School of Public Health,
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Cerin); Regional Epidemiological Observatory
Department, Sicilian Regional Health Authority, Palermo, Italy (Cernigliaro); Hospitalist
Department, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania (Chakinala); Department
of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana (S. K. Chattu); Department
of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (V. K. Chattu); Saveetha
Medical College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India (V. K. Chattu); Center for Cancer
Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India (Chaturvedi); Department
of Head Neck Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India (Chaturvedi); Department
of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan (Chimed-Ochir);
Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle (Cho); Department of
Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India (Christopher);
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU International School, Hanoi, Vietnam
(Chu); Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (Chung);
Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (Conde); Department
of Public Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (Cortés);
Research Line in Environmental Exposures and Health Effects at Population Level, Centro
de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, Santiago, Chile (Cortés); School of Medicine and
Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy (Cortesi); Research Unit on Applied
Molecular Biosciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Costa); Faculty of Dentistry,
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Cunha); School of Public
Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand (Dadras); Graduate School
of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dadras); Department of Nursing, Bahir
Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (Dagnew); Environmental Health Department, Imam
Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia (Dahlawi); Department of Health
Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (Dai, R. Dandona,
S. I. Hay, Mokdad, Murray, Force); Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
(L. Dandona, R. Dandona, G. A. Kumar); Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi,
India (L. Dandona); Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development,
Sulaymaniyah, Iraq (Darwesh); Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University
of Porto, Porto, Portugal (das Neves); Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University
of Porto, Porto, Portugal (das Neves); Department of Public Health, National University
of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (De la Hoz); Department of Nursing, Woldia University,
Woldia, Ethiopia (Demis); School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia (Demis);
Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca,
Mexico (Denova-Gutiérrez); Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar
Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India (Dhamnetiya, Jha); Policy Research Institute,
Kathmandu, Nepal (M. L. Dhimal); Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu,
Nepal (M. L. Dhimal); Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu,
Nepal (M. Dhimal); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahroud University
of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran (Dianatinasab); Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran (Dianatinasab); Center of Complexity
Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (Diaz); Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán
Rosales, Mexico (Diaz, Velazquez); Development of Research and Technology Center,
Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran (Djalalinia); Center of Excellence
in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Do,
Vu); School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran (Doaei);
Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran (Doaei); Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Dorostkar); Epidemiology and Data Analysis Laboratory,
University Center Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil (dos Santos Figueiredo);
Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
(Driscoll); Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Ebrahimi, Farzadfar, Keykhaei, Pishgar, Negar Rezaei); Liver
and Pancreaticobilliary Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran (Ebrahimi); Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Eftekharzadeh); Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public
Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (El Tantawi); Direction
de L'épidémiologie et la Lutte Contre les Maladies, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
(El-Abid); Neurophysiology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (Elhabashy);
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya (Elhadi); Department of
Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (El-Jaafary); Preventive Medicine and Public
Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Eshrati,
Tehrani-Banihashemi); Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Eskandarieh); Department of Public Health, Maragheh University
of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran (Esmaeilzadeh); Division of Cancer Epidemiology
and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Etemadi); Department
of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco (Ezzikouri); Department
of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York (Faisaluddin);
Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila,
Manila, Philippines (Faraon); Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University,
Chicago, Illinois (Fares); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington,
Seattle (Feroze); Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center,
Seattle, Washington (Feroze); Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology,
Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Ferrero);
University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Ferro Desideri); Psychiatry
Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California (Filip); School of Health Sciences,
A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona (Filip); Institute of Gerontological Health Services
and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten,
Germany (Fischer); James Cancer Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus (Fisher);
Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan,
Iran (Foroutan); Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan,
Iran (Foroutan); Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan (Fukumoto);
Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
(Gaal, Joo, Szerencsés); Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian
University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania (Gaal); Department of Cardiovascular
Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Gad); Gillings School of Global Public
Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Gad); Community Medicine
Department, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria (Gadanya); Department of Community
Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (Gadanya); Department of Environmental
Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
(Gallus); National Health Service, London, England (Gaspar Fonseca); School of Psychology,
Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Getachew Obsa); Department of Medical
Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Ghafourifard);
Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Ghashghaee);
Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen,
Denmark (Ghith); Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran (Gholamalizadeh); Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore,
Lahore, Pakistan (Gilani); Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan (Gilani); Discipline
of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (Ginindza);
Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia (Gizaw); National
Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham, England (Glasbey); Health Systems and Policy Research,
Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India (Golechha); Department of Genetics,
Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran (Goleij); Department of Oral Surgery
and Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (Gomez);
Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma
City (Gopalani); Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated
States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia (Gopalani); Oncological
Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention
and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy (Gorini); Department of Respiratory Medicine,
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (Goudarzi); Center for Environmental and Health
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (Goudarzi); Department of Biomedical
and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (Grosso); Department
of Family and Community Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq (Gubari);
Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Ohio (Guha); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus
(Guha); Department of Paediatrics, National Cancer Institute, Maharagama, Sri Lanka
(Gunasekera); Department of Public Health, Torrens University, Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia (B. Gupta); School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
(V. B. Gupta); Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New
South Wales, Australia (V. K. Gupta); Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial
Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City,
Mexico (Gutiérrez); Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, Maryland (Hafezi-Nejad, Shafaat, Sheikhbahaei); School of Medicine,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Hafezi-Nejad); Department of
Social and Public Health, Ohio University, Athens (Haider); Department of Pharmacology,
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Haj-Mirzaian, Ramezanzadeh);
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(Haj-Mirzaian); Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United
Arab Emirates (Halwani, Talaat); College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates (Halwani); Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian
Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain (Hamadeh); University Institute of Public Health,
University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (Hameed, Hanif, Malik); School of Health and
Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
(Hamidi); Research & Scientific Studies Unit, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
(Haque); Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands (Harlianto);
Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands (Harlianto);
Research Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Haro); Biomedical Research
Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Barcelona, Spain (Haro); Department of
Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt (Hasaballah); Gastrointestinal
and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht,
Iran (Hassanipour, Joukar); Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University
of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran (Hassanipour, Joukar); International Foundation for
Dermatology, London, England (R. J. Hay); St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's
College London, London, England (R. J. Hay); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan (Hayat); Department
of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian,
China (Hayat); Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, California (G. Heidari); Community-Oriented
Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord,
Iran (M. Heidari); Departamento de Salud Oral, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales,
Manizales, Colombia (Herrera-Serna); School of Business, London South Bank University,
London, England (Herteliu); Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz,
Yemen (Hezam); Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (Hezam);
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal,
India (Holla, Kamath, Padubidri); Social and Environmental Health Research, Nature
Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh (M. M. Hossain); Department of Health
Promotion and Community Health Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station (M.
M. Hossain); Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
(M. B. H. Hossain); Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,
Tabriz, Iran (Mohammad-Salar Hosseini); Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research
Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Mostafa Hosseini); Institute
of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam (Hosseinzadeh);
Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
(Hosseinzadeh); Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine
and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania (M. Hostiuc); Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics,
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania (S. Hostiuc);
Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici,
Bucharest, Romania (S. Hostiuc); College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa
University, Doha, Qatar (Househ); Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El
Manar, Tunis, Tunisia (Hsairi); Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care,
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Huang, Zhong); Department of Preventive
and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
(Hugo); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang,
Malaysia (Hussain); Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho,
Iraq (Hussein); Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University,
Taichung, Taiwan (Hwang); Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico
II, Naples, Italy (Iavicoli); Department of Health Promotion and Education, University
of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (Ibitoye); Pharmacoepidemiology Department, Sanofi, Cambridge,
Massachusetts (Ida); Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington,
Seattle (Ikuta); Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
(Ilesanmi); Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan,
Ibadan, Nigeria (Ilesanmi); Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,
Serbia (I. M. Ilic, Santric-Milicevic); Department of Epidemiology, University of
Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia (M. D. Ilic); School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Taiwan (Irham); Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia (Irham); H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
(J. Y. Islam); Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (R. M. Islam); Institute for Physical Activity and
Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia (S. M. S. Islam); Sydney
Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S. M. S.
Islam); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
(Ismail); Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University
of Catania, Catania, Italy (Isola); Department of Health Services Research, University
of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan (Iwagami); Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology,
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England (Iwagami); Research
and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network,
Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain (Jacob); Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles
Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France (Jacob); Institute of Comparative
Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan (Jakovljevic); Department of Global
Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia (Jakovljevic);
Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (Javaheri); Department
of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India (Jayaram); Urology Department,
University of Florida, Jacksonville (Jazayeri); Department of Community Medicine,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India (Jha); Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg
University, Heidelberg, Germany (Jonas, Panda-Jonas); Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology,
Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China (Jonas); Department of Community Medicine,
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India (Joseph, Nithin Kumar, Mithra,
Thapar); Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu,
Estonia (Jürisson, Orru); Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Kabir); Department of Genetics, Kermanshah University
of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran (Kahrizi); School of Management and Medical
Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Kalankesh); Institute
for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences,
Qazvin, Iran (Kalhor); Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of
Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran (Kalhor); Dermatology Department, King Faisal University,
Hofuf, Saudi Arabia (Kaliyadan); Public Health Division, Society for Education, Action
and Research in Community Health, Gadchiroli, India (Kalkonde); Manipal Academy of
Higher Education, Manipal, India (Kamath); Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
University of Kurdistan Hewler, Hewler, Iraq (Kameran Al-Salihi); Save Sight Institute,
University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Kandel); Sydney Eye Hospital,
South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Kandel);
Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
(Karch); Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
(Kasa); Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences
Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (Katikireddi); Surgery Research Unit,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (Kauppila); Department of Molecular Medicine and
Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (Kauppila); Department of Surface
Engineering, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (Kavetskyy);
Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine (Kavetskyy);
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Faroe
Islands (Kebede); School of Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Tbilisi,
Georgia (Keshavarz); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, New Hospitals
LTD, Tbilisi, Georgia (Keshavarz); Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Keykhaei); Department of Public Health, Jordan
University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan (Khader); Department of Biophysics
and Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan (Khalilov); Russian Institute
for Advanced Study, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia (Khalilov);
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, United Arab Emirates University,
Al Ain, United Arab Emirates (G. Khan); Epidemiology Department, Jazan University,
Jazan, Saudi Arabia (M. Khan); Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi
Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh (M. N. Khan); Family Medicine Department,
United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates (M. A. B. Khan); Primary
Care Department, NHS North West London, London, England (M. A. B. Khan); Department
of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (Khang);
Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South
Korea (Khang); National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo
University, Cairo, Egypt (Khater); Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran (Khayamzadeh); The Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(Khayamzadeh); Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South
Korea (G. R. Kim, Eun-Cheol Park); School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen
University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia (Y. J. Kim); School of Health Sciences, Kristiania
University College, Oslo, Norway (A. Kisa); Department of Global Community Health
and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana (A. Kisa); Department
of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway (S. Kisa);
Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Jagiellonian University Medical
College, Krakow, Poland (Kissimova-Skarbek); School of Population and Public Health,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Kopec); Arthritis
Research Canada, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada (Kopec); Microbiology & Molecular
Cell Biology Department, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk (Koteeswaran); Department
of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar,
India (Koul); Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India (Koulmane Laxminarayana); Biomedical
Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park,
Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain (Koyanagi); Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced
Studies, Barcelona, Spain (Koyanagi); Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara,
Turkey (Kucuk Bicer); University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya,
Ghana (Kugbey); Department of Orthopaedics, Medanta Hospital, Lucknow, India (Narinder
Kumar); Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, England
(Kurmi); Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Kurmi);
Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (Kutluk); Department
of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (La Vecchia);
Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
(Lami); Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas,
Panama (Landires); Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama (Landires); Institute of Clinical
Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy (Lauriola); Pattern Recognition
and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea (S. Lee); School
of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia (S. W. H. Lee); School of
Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia (S. W. H. Lee);
Office of Health Policy & Legislative Affairs, University of Texas, Galveston (W.
Lee); Graduate School of Public Health, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea (Y.
H. Lee); Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South
Wales, Australia (Leigh); Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar
Seri Begawan, Brunei (Leong); Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical
College, Beijing, China (J. Li); Department of Health Promotion and Health Education,
National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (M. Li); Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Liu); Department of Quantitative Health Science,
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Liu); Laboratory for Process Engineering,
Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Loureiro);
School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal (Loureiro); Department
of General Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool,
England (Lunevicius); Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
(Lunevicius); Ophthalmology Department, Ministry of Health and Population, Aswan,
Egypt (Magdy Abd El Razek); Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial
College London, London, England (Majeed); Mass Communication Department, University
of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (Makki); Department of Ophthalmology, M
M Joshi Eye Institute, Hubli, India (Male); Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Malik); Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga,
Surabaya, Indonesia (Martini); Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia
(Martini); Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan,
Iran (Masoumi); National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, Indian Council
of Medical Research, Bengaluru, India (Mathur); Department of Health Services Research
and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England (McKee);
India Cancer Research Consortium, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
(Mehrotra); Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru (Mendoza);
Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi
Arabia (Menezes); Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir
Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (Mengesha); Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Menoufia University Faculty of Medicine, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt (Mesregah); Clinical
Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Polyclinic “Dr. Zora Profozic”, Zagreb, Croatia
(Mestrovic); University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia (Mestrovic);
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg,
Sweden (Miao Jonasson); Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical
University, Szczecin, Poland (B. Miazgowski); Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin,
Poland (B. Miazgowski); Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases and Arterial
Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland (T. Miazgowski); Woman-Mother-Child
Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (Michalek); Pacific
Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland (Miller); School of Public
Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Miller, Tessema);
Department of Medical Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(H. R. Mirzaei); Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
Jodhpur, India (Misra); Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical
Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Moghadaszadeh); Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz
University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Moghadaszadeh); Department of Biology,
Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq (K. A. Mohammad); Internal Medicine Department,
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y. Mohammad); Department of Information
Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq (M. Mohammadi); Department of
Anatomical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran (S. M. Mohammadi);
Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Mohammed);
Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
(Mohammed); Oncology Department, Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Hazard, Kentucky
(Moka); Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Moka); Faculty of Life
Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, England (Molokhia); Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal
and Child Health, Trieste, Italy (Monasta, Ronfani, Traini); Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh
(Moni); Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran (Moosavi); Social Determinants of Health Research
Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (Moradi); Computer,
Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia (Moraga); University Hospital Center
of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Morgado-da-Costa); Section of Plastic
Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (Morrison); Department
of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran (Mosapour);
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (Mosapour);
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (Mubarik,
Yu); College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adeaide, South Australia,
Australia (Mwanri); Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health
and Human Development, Chennai, India (Nagarajan); Department of Research and Analytics,
Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India (Nagarajan); Department of Nephrology, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (Nagaraju); Department of Education for
Clinical Research, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
(Nagata); Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization,
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia (Naimzada, N. Otstavnov,
S. S. Otstavnov); Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical
University, Kursk, Russia (Naimzada); Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India (Nangia);
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi
Arabia (Naqvi); Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Science,
Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia (Naqvi); Mysore Medical College and Research Institute,
Government Medical College, Mysore, India (Narasimha Swamy); Department of Disease
Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (Ndejjo); Pharmaceutical
Outcomes and Policy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville (Nduaguba); Department
of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
(Negoi); Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest,
Romania (Negoi); Department of Oncology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Timisoara, Romania (Negru); Estia Health Blakehurst, Estia Health, Sydney, New South
Wales, Australia (Neupane Kandel); Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan
University, Hanoi, Vietnam (C. T. Nguyen, H. L. T. Nguyen); International Islamic
University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan (Niazi); South African Medical Research
Council, Cape Town, South Africa (Nnaji); School of Public Health and Family Medicine,
University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Nnaji); Medical Research Council
Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, England (Noor); Department
of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, England (Noor); Unit
of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
(Nuñez-Samudio); Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
(Nuñez-Samudio); Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation, University
of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria (Nzoputam); Administrative and Economic Sciences Department,
University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania (Oancea); Department of International
Cyber Education, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
(Ochir); Advisory Board, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (Ochir); Department
of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria (Odukoya);
Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Odukoya);
Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South
Wales, Australia (Ogbo); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Olagunju); Department of Psychiatry, University
of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria (Olagunju); Community Prevention and Care Services, National
AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria (Olakunde); Mass Communication Department,
Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Omar); Diplomacy and Public Relations
Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq (Omar Bali); Department
of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria (Omonisi); Department
of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
(Omonisi); Noncommunicable Disease Prevention Unit, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri
Begawan, Brunei (Ong); Early Detection and Cancer Prevention Services, Pantai Jerudong
Specialist Centre, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei (Ong); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria (Onwujekwe); Section of
Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (Orru); Health Systems Research
Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (Ortega-Altamirano);
Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics,
Moscow, Russia (S. S. Otstavnov); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan,
Nigeria (Owolabi); Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan,
Nigeria (Owolabi); Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara
Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India (P A); Department of Medical
Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran (Pakshir);
Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest,
Romania (Pana); Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens,
Greece (Panagiotakos); Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University,
Cambridge, England (Pardhan); Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University,
Seoul, South Korea (Eun-Cheol Park); Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine,
Kosin University, Busan, South Korea (Eun-Kee Park); Iran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran (Pashazadeh Kan); Department of Internal Medicine, Ochsner Medical Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana (H. K. Patel); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and
Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School
of Public Health, Dallas (J. R. Patel); Department of Epidemiology, University of
Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J. R. Patel); Centre of Excellence, Khallikote
University, Berhampur, India (Pati); Research Division, Association for Biodiversity
Conservation and Research, Balasore, India (Pati); Department of Health Policy, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (Pattanshetty); Research Section, Nepal
Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal (Paudel); Faculty of Humanities and Social
Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal (Paudel); Associated Laboratory for
Green Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (D. M. Pereira); Department
of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (R. B. Pereira); Department of
Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
(Perianayagam, Sahoo); Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology,
Durban, South Africa (Pillay); Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Pirouzpanah); Urooncology Research Center, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Pishgar); Department of Dermatology,
College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India (Podder); University
Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (Postma);
School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
(Postma); Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical
Sciences, Maragheh, Iran (Pourjafar); Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center,
Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (Pourjafar); Department of Biochemistry,
Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India (Prashant); National Institute
of Infectious Diseases, Bucuresti, Romania (Preotescu); Department of Infectious Diseases,
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania (Preotescu);
Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
(M. Rabiee); Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
(N. Rabiee); College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando (Radfar);
Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal,
India (R. A. Radhakrishnan); Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chennai,
India (V. Radhakrishnan); Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada (Rafiee); Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Rahim); Department of Natural Science, Middlesex
University, London, England (Rahimzadeh); Department of Population Science and Human
Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh (M. Rahman); School
of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria,
Australia (M. A. Rahman); School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia (M. A. Rahman); Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin
University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan (Rahmani); Department of Internal
Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts (Rajai); Department of Surgery,
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (Rajesh); European
Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization,
Moscow, Russia (Rakovac); Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
(Ram); Health Emergency Operation Center, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu,
Nepal (Ranabhat); Central Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu,
Nepal (Ranabhat); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri
Lanka (Ranasinghe); Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education,
Manipal, India (C. R. Rao); Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental
Sciences, Mangalore, India (S. J. Rao); Department of Computer Science, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts (Rawassizadeh); Department of Immunology and Laboratory Sciences,
Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran (Razeghinia); Department of Immunology,
Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (Razeghinia); School of Medicine,
Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia (Renzaho); Translational
Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales,
Australia (Renzaho); Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Negar Rezaei); Network of Immunity in Infection,
Malignancy and Autoimmunity, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network,
Tehran, Iran (Nima Rezaei); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (Roberts);
Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
(Rodriguez); Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston,
Massachusetts (Rohloff); Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq Maya Health
Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala (Rohloff); Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy (Romoli);
Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of
Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran (Roshandel); Department of Internal Medicine, University
of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana (Rwegerera); Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagadguru
Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India (S); Sharjah Institute for Medical
Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (Saddik); Research
and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan (Saeed);
Biological Production Development, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
(Saeed); Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,
Mashhad, Iran (Sahebkar); Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical
Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (Sahebkar); Department of Radiology, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles (Salehi); Public Health and Community Medicine Department,
Cairo University, Giza, Egypt (Salem); Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Salimzadeh); Emergency Department, Brown
University, Providence, Rhode Island (Samaei); Department of Entomology, Ain Shams
University, Cairo, Egypt (Samy); Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington,
West Virginia (Sanabria); Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Sanabria); Department of Pediatrics, University
Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio (Sankararaman, Thavamani);
Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Sankararaman);
School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
(Santric-Milicevic); Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, McMaster University,
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Sardiwalla); Colorectal Research Center, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Sarveazad); Faculty of Health & Social Sciences,
Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, England (Sathian); Department of Public Health
Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte (Sawhney); Market Access,
Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey (Saylan); Department of Health Sciences, Federal University
of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil (Schneider); Department of Medical Statistics,
Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Sekerija);
Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian
Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (Sekerija); National Heart, Lung, and
Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Seylani); Department
of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,
Isfahan, Iran (Shafaat); Clinical Research Development Unit of Farshchian Heart Center,
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran (Shaghaghi); Independent Consultant,
Karachi, Pakistan (Shaikh); Department of Oral Health, Non-Communicable Diseases Research
Center, Tehran, Iran (Shamsoddin, Sofi-Mahmudi); Noncommunicable Diseases Committee,
National Institute for Medical Research Developmen, Tehran, Iran (Shamsoddin); Symbiosis
Medical College for Women, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India (Shannawaz);
University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University,
Delhi, India (Sharma); Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,
Scotland (Sheikh); Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston,
Massachusetts (Sheikh); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy
of Higher Education, Mangalore, India (A. Shetty); Department of Biochemistry, Manipal
University College Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia (J. K. Shetty); Department of Forensic
Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India (P. H. Shetty); University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Shibuya); Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Shirkoohi); Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Shirkoohi); Public Health Dentistry Department,
Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, India (Shivakumar); Clinical Immunology
and Hematology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (Shivarov); Department
of Genetics, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridiski, Sofia, Bulgaria (Shivarov); Department
of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences,
Kermanshah, Iran (Siabani, Ziapour); School of Health, University of Technology Sydney,
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Siabani); Department of Hematology-Oncology, Baystate
Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts (Siddappa Malleshappa); Department of Physical
Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil (Silva); School
of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Singh); Medicine Service
Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, Alabama (Singh); Department of Midwifery,
Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia (Sintayehu); Department No. 16, Moscow Research
and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russia (Skryabin); Therapeutic Department,
Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russia (Skryabina); Asbestos Diseases Research
Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Soeberg, Takahashi); Cochrane Iran
Associate Centre, National Institute for Medical Research Development, Iranian Ministry
of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran (Sofi-Mahmudi); Department of Radiology,
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (Sotoudeh); Department of Medicine,
Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece (Steiropoulos); Schiller
Institute, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts (Straif); Barcelona Institute for
Global Health, Barcelona, Spain (Straif); Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu,
Nepal (Subedi); Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
Nigeria (Sufiyan); Pediatric Services, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan (Sultan);
Pediatrics, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan (Sultan); Maternal and Child Health,
Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh (Sultana); Department of Medical
Oncology, The Oncology Institute “Prof Dr Ion Chiricuţă” Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca,
Romania (Sur); Department of Medical Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine
and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (Sur); Faculty of Health and Public Administration,
Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Szócska); Department of Medicine, University
of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Tabarés-Seisdedos); Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical
Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Madrid, Spain (Tabarés-Seisdedos);
Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan (Tabuchi);
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Tadbiri); Research Center for Molecular
Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran (Taherkhani); Pathology
Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (Talaat); Department of Surgery,
National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore (Tan); Department of Pathology,
University of Texas, Galveston (Tat); College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary
Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia (Tedla); University
of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia (Tedla); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of
Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia (Tefera); Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Tehrani-Banihashemi); Pediatric Intensive
Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Temsah); School of Public Health,
Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Tesfay); Southgate Institute for Health and
Society, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Tesfay); School
of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Tessema);
Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Ohio (Thavamani); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale,
Arizona (Thoguluva Chandrasekar); Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,
Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India (Thomas); HIV/STI Surveillance
Research Center and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance,
Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (Tohidinik); Nutritional Epidemiology
Research Team, National Institute for Health and Medical Research Institut national
de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France (Touvier); Department of Health,
Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France (Touvier);
Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto,
Brazil (Tovani-Palone); Modestum LTD, London, England (Tovani-Palone); Institute for
Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands (Traini); Department
of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam (B. X. Tran); Department
of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
(K. B. Tran); Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Maurice Wilkins Centre, Auckland,
New Zealand (K. B. Tran); School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University
of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (M. T. N. Tran); Health Informatics
Department, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
(M. T. N. Tran); Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, Nagpur, India (Tripathy); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia (Tusa); Department of Allied Health Sciences,
Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan (I. Ullah); Pakistan Council for Science
and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan (I. Ullah);
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois (Umapathi);
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India (Unnikrishnan);
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India (Upadhyay);
Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Vaezi);
Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,
Tabriz, Iran (Vaezi); Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran,
Iran (Valadan Tahbaz, Yahyazadeh Jabbari); Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad
University, Tehran, Iran (Valadan Tahbaz); Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences
and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (Veroux); Department
of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (Violante);
Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (Violante);
Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University
Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia (Vlassov); Faculty of Information Technology,
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Vo); Department
of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (Volovici);
Center for Experimental Microsurgery, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy,
Cluj-Napoca, Romania (Volovici); Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, Integrated
Initiative for Global Health, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (Wamai);
School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (Wamai); College of
Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
(Ward); Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research,
Stomatological Hospital (College) of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (Wen);
Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute
for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany (Westerman); Institute of Health and Society,
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (Winkler); Department of Neurology, Technical University
of Munich, Munich, Germany (Winkler); Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Yadav); Research and Development Division, The
George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India (Yadav); Cancer Epidemiology
and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, British Columbia, Canada
(Yang); Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Yang);
School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada (Yaya); George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford,
Oxford, England (Yaya); Department of Pharmacy, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor,
Ethiopia (Yazie); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar,
Gondar, Ethiopia (Yeshaw); Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center
of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan (Yonemoto); Department of Public Health,
Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (Yonemoto); Department of Health Policy and Management,
Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi (Younis); School of Medicine, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, China (Younis); Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran
University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (Yousefi); Cancer Institute, Hacettepe
University, Ankara, Turkey (Yuce); Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences,
University of South Carolina, Columbia (Yunusa); Epidemiology and Cancer Registry
Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Zadnik); Shahroud University
of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran (Zare); Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow
Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russia (Zastrozhin); Addictology
Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow,
Russia (Zastrozhin); Pediatrics Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous
Professional Education, Moscow, Russia (Zastrozhina); Department of General Practice,
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Zhang); Victorian Comprehensive
Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Zhang); Bone Marrow Transplantation
Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Zhou); Department of Epidemiology, Human
Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at
Houston, Houston (Zhu); Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Brasília University, Brasilia,
Brazil (Zimmermann); Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (Fitzmaurice);
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle (Force).
Author Contributions: Drs Kocarnik and Force had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility
for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Murray and
Force are co–senior authors.
Concept and design: Kocarnik, Compton, Ababneh, Abbastabar, Abedi, Abidi, Adedeji, Almasi-Hashiani, Ansari-Moghaddam,
Anvari, Anyasodor, Arab-Zozani, Azari Jafari, Azzam, Bärnighausen, Behzadifar, Bhaskar,
Bisignano, Bleyer, Cembranel, Darwesh, M. L. Dhimal, Dianatinasab, Do, Faisaluddin,
Fares, Gadanya, Gallus, Getachew Obsa, Ghashghaee, Golechha, Gutiérrez, Hafezi-Nejad,
Hameed, S. Hay, Hezam, Househ, Isola, Jain, Javaheri, Jayaram, Kalhor, Kasa, M. A.
Khan, Y. Kim, A. Kisa, S. Kisa, Kissimova-Skarbek, S. Lee, Leigh, Liu, Magdy Abd El
Razek, Mansournia, Masoumi, Menezes, Mestrovic, M. Mohammadi, Mohammed, Moka, Mokdad,
Naqvi, Narasimha Swamy, C. Nguyen, H. Nguyen, Niazi, Olagunju, Padubidri, Panagiotakos,
Eun-Kee Park, Pashazadeh Kan, Podder, M. Rabiee, N. Rabiee, Rahmani, Ram, S. Rao,
Rawassizadeh, Saeed, Samy, Sanabria, Sardiwalla, Sarveazad, Seylani, Shivakumar, Taherkhani,
Touvier, B. Tran, Umapathi, Valadan Tahbaz, Volovici, Vu, Westerman, Yahyazadeh Jabbari,
Yonemoto, Zare, Zastrozhin, Force.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Kocarnik, Dean, Fu, Gaw, Harvey, Henrikson, Lu, Pennini, Xu, Abbasi-Kangevari, Abd-Elsalam,
Abdoli, Abedi, Abidi, Abolhassani, Adedeji, Adnani, Advani, Afzal, Aghaali, Ahinkorah,
S. Ahmad, T. Ahmad, A. Ahmadi, S. Ahmadi, Ahmed Rashid, Ahmed Salih, Akalu, Aklilu,
Akram, Akunna, Al Hamad, Alahdab, Al-Aly, Ali, Alimohamadi, Alipour, Aljunid, Alkhayyat,
Almasi-Hashiani, Almasri, Al-Maweri, Almustanyir, Alonso, Alvis-Guzman, Amu, Anbesu,
Ancuceanu, Ansari, Ansari-Moghaddam, Antwi, Anvari, Aqeel, Arabloo, Aremu, Ariffin,
Aripov, Arshad, Artaman, Arulappan, Asemi, Asghari Jafarabadi, Ashraf, Atorkey, Aujayeb,
Ausloos, Awedew, Ayala Quintanilla, Ayenew, Azab, Azadnajafabad, Azari Jafari, Azarian,
Azzam, Badiye, Bahadory, Baig, Baker, Balakrishnan, Banach, Barone-Adesi, Barra, Barrow,
Belgaumi, Bezabhe, Bezabih, Bhagat, Bhagavathula, N. Bhardwaj, P. Bhardwaj, Bhaskar,
Bhattacharyya, Bhojaraja, Bibi, Bijani, Biondi, Bjørge, Bleyer, Blyuss, Bolarinwa,
Bolla, Braithwaite, Brar, Brenner, Bustamante-Teixeira, N. Butt, Z. Butt, Caetano
dos Santos, Cao, Carreras, Catalá-López, Cembranel, Cerin, Cernigliaro, Chakinala,
S. Chattu, V. Chattu, Chaturvedi, Chimed-Ochir, Cho, Christopher, Chu, Chung, Conde,
Cortés, Cortesi, Costa, Cunha, Dadras, Belachew, Dahlwai, Dai, L. Dandona, R. Dandona,
das Neves, De la Hoz, Bizuneh, Denova-Gutiérrez, Dhamnetiya, M. L. Dhimal, M. Dhimal,
Dianatinasab, Diaz, Djalalinia, Do, Doaei, Dorostkar, dos Santos Figueiredo, Driscoll,
Ebrahimi, Eftekharzadeh, El Tantawi, El-Abid, Elbarazi, Elhabashy, Elhadi, El-Jaafary,
Eshrati, Eskandarieh, Esmaeilzadeh, Etemadi, Ezzikouri, Faisaluddin, Faraon, Fares,
Farzadfar, Feroze, Ferrero, Ferro Desideri, Filip, Fischer, Fisher, Foroutan, Fukumoto,
Gaal, Gad, Gadanya, Gaspar Fonseca, Ghafourifard, Ghith, Gholamalizadeh, Gilani, Ginindza,
Gizaw, Glasbey, Golechha, Goleij, Gomez, Gopalani, Gorini, Goudarzi, Grosso, Gubari,
Ribeiro Guerra, Guha, Gunasekera, B. Gupta, V. Gupta, V. K. Gupta, Hafezi-Nejad, Haider,
Haj-Mirzaian, Halwani, Hamadeh, Hamidi, Hanif, Haque, Harlianto, Haro, Hasaballah,
Hassanipour, R. Hay, Hayat, G. Heidari, M. Heidari, Herrera-Serna, Herteliu, Hezam,
Holla, M. Hossain, M. B. Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Hosseinzadeh,
M. Hostiuc, S. Hostiuc, Househ, Hsairi, Huang, Hugo, Hussain, Hussein, Hwang, Iavicoli,
Ibitoye, Ida, Ikuta, Ilesanmi, I. Ilic, M. Ilic, Irham, J. Islam, R. Islam, S. Islam,
Ismail, Iwagami, Jacob, Jain, Jakovljevic, Jazayeri, Jha, Jonas, Joo, Joseph, Joukar,
Jürisson, Kabir, Kahrizi, Kalankesh, Kaliyadan, Kalkonde, Kamath, Kameran Al-Salihi,
Kandel, Kapoor, Karch, Katikireddi, Kauppila, Kavetskyy, Kebede, Keshavarz, Keykhaei,
Khader, Khalilov, G. Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Khang, Khater, Khayamzadeh,
G. Kim, A. Kisa, S. Kisa, Kissimova-Skarbek, Kopec, Koteeswaran, Koul, Koulmane Laxminarayana,
Koyanagi, Kucuk Bicer, Kugbey, G. Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Kurmi, Kutluk,
La Vecchia, Lami, Landires, Lauriola, S. Lee, S. W. Lee, W. Lee, Y. Lee, Leigh, Leong,
J. Li, M. Li, Loureiro, Lunevicius, Magdy Abd El Razek, Majeed, Makki, Male, Malik,
Mansournia, Martini, Mathur, McKee, Mehrotra, Mendoza, Mengesha, Mesregah, Miao Jonasson,
B. Miazgowski, T. Miazgowski, Michalek, Miller, Hamed Mirzaei, Hamid Reza Mirzaei,
Misra, Mithra, Moghadaszadeh, K. Mohammad, Y. Mohammad, S. Mohammadi, Mohammadian-Hafshejani,
Mohammed, Moka, Molokhia, Monasta, Moni, Moosavi, Moradi, Moraga, Morgado-da-Costa,
Morrison, Mosapour, Mubarik, Mwanri, Nagarajan, Nagaraju, Nagata, Naimzada, Nangia,
Ndejjo, Nduaguba, Negoi, Negru, Neupane Kandel, C. Nguyen, H. Nguyen, Niazi, Nnaji,
Noor, Nuñez-Samudio, Nzoputam, Oancea, Ochir, Odukoya, Ogbo, Olagunju, Olakunde, Omar,
Omar Bali, Omonisi, Ong, Onwujekwe, Orru, Ortega-Altamirano, N. Otstavnov, S. Otstavnov,
Owolabi, P A, Padubidri, Pakshir, Pana, Panda-Jonas, Pardhan, Eun-Cheol Park, Pashazadeh
Kan, H. Patel, J. Patel, Pati, Pattanshetty, Paudel, D. Pereira, R. Pereira, Perianayagam,
Pillay, Pirouzpanah, Pishgar, Postma, Pourjafar, Prashant, Preotescu, M. Rabiee, N.
Rabiee, Radfar, R. Radhakrishnan, V. Radhakrishnan, Rafiee, Rahim, Rahimzadeh, Mosiur
Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Rahmani, Rajai, Rajesh, Rakovac, Ram, Ramezanzadeh,
Ranabhat, Ranasinghe, C. Rao, S. Rao, Rawassizadeh, Razeghinia, Renzaho, Negar Rezaei,
Nima Rezaei, Rezapour, Roberts, Rodriguez, Rohloff, Romoli, Ronfani, Roshandel, Rwegerera,
S, Sabour, Saddik, Saeed, Sahebkar, Sahoo, Salehi, Salem, Salimzadeh, Samaei, Samy,
Sankararaman, Santric Milicevic, Sathian, Sawhney, Saylan, Schneider, Sekerija, Seylani,
Shafaat, Shaghaghi, Shaikh, Shamsoddin, Shannawaz, Sharma, Sheikh, Sheikhbahaei, A.
Shetty, J. Shetty, P. Shetty, Shibuya, Shirkoohi, Shivakumar, Shivarov, Siabani, Siddappa
Malleshappa, Silva, Singh, Sintayehu, Skryabin, Skryabina, Soeberg, Sofi-Mahmudi,
Sotoudeh, Steiropoulos, Straif, Subedi, Sufiyan, Sultan, Sultana, Sur, Szerencsés,
Szócska, Tabares-Seisdedos, Tabuchi, Tadbiri, Takahashi, Talaat, Tan, Tat, Tedla,
Tefera, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Temsah, Tesfay, Tessema, Thapar, Thavamani, Thoguluva
Chandrasekar, Thomas, Tohidinik, Touvier, Tovani-Palone, Traini, B. Tran, K. Tran,
M. Tran, Tripathy, Tusa, I. Ullah, S. Ullah, Umapathi, Unnikrishnan, Upadhyay, Vacante,
Vaezi, Valadan Tahbaz, Velazquez, Veroux, Violante, Vlassov, Vo, Volovici, Vu, Waheed,
Wamai, Ward, Wen, Westerman, Winkler, Yadav, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Yang, Yaya, Yazie,
Yeshaw, Yonemoto, Younis, Yousefi, Yu, Yuce, Yunusa, Zadnik, Zastrozhin, Zastrozhina,
Zhang, Zhong, Zhou, Zhu, Ziapour, Zimmermann, Fitzmaurice, Murray, Force.
Drafting of the manuscript: Kocarnik, Compton, Lu, Pennini, Xu, Abedi, Adedeji, S. Ahmadi, Ahmed Rashid, Almasi-Hashiani,
Ansari, Anvari, Aripov, Aujayeb, Azab, Azzam, Bleyer, Cembranel, Chakinala, V. Chattu,
Cortés, Denova-Gutiérrez, M. Dhimal, Dianatinasab, Do, Elhadi, Faisaluddin, Fares,
Gad, Gadanya, Ghashghaee, Glasbey, Hafezi-Nejad, S. Hay, G. Heidari, Househ, Huang,
Hussein, J. Islam, Isola, Jain, Kasa, Kavetskyy, Keshavarz, Khalilov, Khater, A. Kisa,
S. Kisa, Magdy Abd El Razek, Malik, Mansournia, Masoumi, Moghadaszadeh, K. Mohammad,
Mohammed, Moka, Mokdad, H. Nguyen, N. Otstavnov, Pashazadeh Kan, Pati, Pourjafar,
Preotescu, M. Rabiee, Rahim, Rahmani, Rajai, Ram, S. Rao, Rodriguez, Samy, Sanabria,
Seylani, Shamsoddin, Sharma, Taherkhani, Vaezi, Valadan Tahbaz, Vo, Vu, Westerman,
Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Zastrozhin, Zastrozhina, Force.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Kocarnik, Dean, Fu, Gaw, Harvey, Henrikson, Ababneh, Abbasi-Kangevari, Abbastabar,
Abd-Elsalam, Abdoli, Abedi, Abidi, Abolhassani, Adedeji, Adnani, Advani, Afzal, Aghaali,
Ahinkorah, S. Ahmad, T. Ahmad, A. Ahmadi, Ahmed Salih, Akalu, Aklilu, Akram, Akunna,
Al Hamad, Alahdab, Al-Aly, Ali, Alimohamadi, Alipour, Aljunid, Alkhayyat, Almasi-Hashiani,
Almasri, Al-Maweri, Almustanyir, Alonso, Alvis-Guzman, Amu, Anbesu, Ancuceanu, Ansari-Moghaddam,
Antwi, Anvari, Anyasodor, Aqeel, Arabloo, Arab-Zozani, Aremu, Ariffin, Aripov, Arshad,
Artaman, Arulappan, Asemi, Asghari Jafarabadi, Ashraf, Atorkey, Aujayeb, Ausloos,
Awedew, Ayala Quintanilla, Ayenew, Azadnajafabad, Azari Jafari, Azarian, Azzam, Badiye,
Bahadory, Baig, Baker, Balakrishnan, Banach, Bärnighausen, Barone-Adesi, Barra, Barrow,
Behzadifar, Belachew, Belgaumi, Bezabhe, Bezabih, Bhagat, Bhagavathula, N. Bhardwaj,
P. Bhardwaj, Bhaskar, Bhattacharyya, Bhojaraja, Bibi, Bijani, Biondi, Bisignano, Bjørge,
Bleyer, Blyuss, Bolarinwa, Bolla, Braithwaite, Brar, Brenner, Bustamante-Teixeira,
N. Butt, Z. Butt, Caetano dos Santos, Cao, Carreras, Catalá-López, Cembranel, Cerin,
Cernigliaro, Chakinala, S. Chattu, V. Chattu, Chaturvedi, Chimed-Ochir, Cho, Christopher,
Chu, Chung, Conde, Cortesi, Costa, Cunha, Dadras, Belachew, Dahlwai, Dai, L. Dandona,
R. Dandona, Darwesh, das Neves, De la Hoz, Bizuneh, Denova-Gutiérrez, Dhamnetiya,
M. L. Dhimal, M. Dhimal, Dianatinasab, Diaz, Djalalinia, Do, Doaei, Dorostkar, dos
Santos Figueiredo, Driscoll, Ebrahimi, Eftekharzadeh, El Tantawi, El-Abid, Elbarazi,
Elhabashy, Elhadi, El-Jaafary, Eshrati, Eskandarieh, Esmaeilzadeh, Etemadi, Ezzikouri,
Faisaluddin, Faraon, Fares, Farzadfar, Feroze, Ferrero, Ferro Desideri, Filip, Fischer,
Fisher, Foroutan, Fukumoto, Gaal, Gadanya, Gallus, Gaspar Fonseca, Getachew Obsa,
Ghafourifard, Ghith, Gholamalizadeh, Gilani, Ginindza, Gizaw, Glasbey, Golechha, Goleij,
Gomez, Gopalani, Gorini, Goudarzi, Grosso, Gubari, Ribeiro Guerra, Guha, Gunasekera,
B. Gupta, V. Gupta, V. K. Gupta, Gutiérrez, Hafezi-Nejad, Haider, Haj-Mirzaian, Halwani,
Hamadeh, Hameed, Hamidi, Hanif, Haque, Harlianto, Haro, Hasaballah, Hassanipour, R.
Hay, S. Hay, Hayat, G. Heidari, M. Heidari, Herrera-Serna, Herteliu, Hezam, Holla,
M. Hossain, M. B. Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Hosseinzadeh,
M. Hostiuc, S. Hostiuc, Hsairi, Hugo, Hussain, Hussein, Hwang, Iavicoli, Ibitoye,
Ida, Ikuta, Ilesanmi, I. Ilic, M. Ilic, Irham, J. Islam, R. Islam, S. Islam, Ismail,
Isola, Iwagami, Jacob, Jain, Jakovljevic, Javaheri, Jayaram, Jazayeri, Jha, Jonas,
Joo, Joseph, Joukar, Jürisson, Kabir, Kahrizi, Kalankesh, Kalhor, Kaliyadan, Kalkonde,
Kamath, Kameran Al-Salihi, Kandel, Kapoor, Karch, Kasa, Katikireddi, Kauppila, Kavetskyy,
Kebede, Keshavarz, Keykhaei, Khader, Khalilov, G. Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman
Khan, M. A. Khan, Khang, Khater, Khayamzadeh, G. Kim, Y. Kim, A. Kisa, S. Kisa, Kissimova-Skarbek,
Kopec, Koteeswaran, Koul, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Koyanagi, Kucuk Bicer, Kugbey, G.
Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Kurmi, Kutluk, La Vecchia, Lami, Landires, Lauriola,
S. Lee, S. W. Lee, W. Lee, Y. Lee, Leigh, Leong, J. Li, M. Li, Liu, Loureiro, Lunevicius,
Magdy Abd El Razek, Majeed, Makki, Male, Malik, Martini, Mathur, McKee, Mehrotra,
Mendoza, Menezes, Mengesha, Mesregah, Mestrovic, Miao Jonasson, B. Miazgowski, T.
Miazgowski, Michalek, Miller, Hamed Mirzaei, Hamid Reza Mirzaei, Misra, Mithra, Y.
Mohammad, M. Mohammadi, S. Mohammadi, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Mohammed, Moka, Mokdad,
Molokhia, Monasta, Moni, Moosavi, Moradi, Moraga, Morgado-da-Costa, Morrison, Mosapour,
Mubarik, Mwanri, Nagarajan, Nagaraju, Nagata, Naimzada, Nangia, Naqvi, Narasimha Swamy,
Ndejjo, Nduaguba, Negoi, Negru, Neupane Kandel, C. Nguyen, H. Nguyen, Niazi, Nnaji,
Noor, Nuñez-Samudio, Nzoputam, Oancea, Ochir, Odukoya, Ogbo, Olagunju, Olakunde, Omar,
Omar Bali, Omonisi, Ong, Onwujekwe, Orru, Ortega-Altamirano, N. Otstavnov, S. Otstavnov,
Owolabi, P A, Padubidri, Pakshir, Pana, Panagiotakos, Panda-Jonas, Pardhan, Eun-Cheol
Park, Eun-Kee Park, H. Patel, J. Patel, Pattanshetty, Paudel, D. Pereira, R. Pereira,
Perianayagam, Pillay, Pirouzpanah, Pishgar, Podder, Postma, Prashant, M. Rabiee, N.
Rabiee, Radfar, R. Radhakrishnan, V. Radhakrishnan, Rafiee, Rahim, Rahimzadeh, Mosiur
Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Rahmani, Rajai, Rajesh, Rakovac, Ram, Ramezanzadeh,
Ranabhat, Ranasinghe, C. Rao, S. Rao, Rawassizadeh, Razeghinia, Renzaho, Negar Rezaei,
Nima Rezaei, Rezapour, Roberts, Rodriguez, Rohloff, Romoli, Ronfani, Roshandel, Rwegerera,
S, Sabour, Saddik, Saeed, Sahebkar, Sahoo, Salehi, Salem, Salimzadeh, Samaei, Samy,
Sanabria, Sankararaman, Santric Milicevic, Sardiwalla, Sarveazad, Sathian, Sawhney,
Saylan, Schneider, Sekerija, Seylani, Shafaat, Shaghaghi, Shaikh, Shamsoddin, Shannawaz,
Sharma, Sheikh, Sheikhbahaei, A. Shetty, J. Shetty, P. Shetty, Shibuya, Shirkoohi,
Shivakumar, Shivarov, Siabani, Siddappa Malleshappa, Silva, Singh, Sintayehu, Skryabin,
Skryabina, Soeberg, Sofi-Mahmudi, Sotoudeh, Steiropoulos, Straif, Subedi, Sufiyan,
Sultan, Sultana, Sur, Szerencsés, Szócska, Tabares-Seisdedos, Tabuchi, Tadbiri, Takahashi,
Talaat, Tan, Tat, Tedla, Tefera, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Temsah, Tesfay, Tessema, Thapar,
Thavamani, Thoguluva Chandrasekar, Thomas, Tohidinik, Touvier, Tovani-Palone, Traini,
B. Tran, K. Tran, M. Tran, Tripathy, Tusa, I. Ullah, S. Ullah, Umapathi, Unnikrishnan,
Upadhyay, Vacante, Valadan Tahbaz, Velazquez, Veroux, Violante, Vlassov, Vo, Volovici,
Vu, Waheed, Wamai, Ward, Wen, Westerman, Winkler, Yadav, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Yang,
Yaya, Yazie, Yeshaw, Yonemoto, Younis, Yousefi, Yu, Yuce, Yunusa, Zadnik, Zare, Zastrozhin,
Zastrozhina, Z. Butt, Zhang, Zhong, Zhou, Zhu, Ziapour, Zimmermann, Fitzmaurice, Murray,
Force.
Statistical analysis: Kocarnik, Dean, Fu, Harvey, Henrikson, Lu, Pennini, Xu, Advani, Ahmed Rashid, Ahmed
Salih, Aklilu, Akram, Al Hamad, Ali, Aljunid, Almasi-Hashiani, Almustanyir, Ansari-Moghaddam,
Anvari, Aremu, Asghari Jafarabadi, Ashraf, Ausloos, Azzam, Bärnighausen, Bezabhe,
Bezabih, Bleyer, Blyuss, Bolarinwa, Braithwaite, Brar, N. Butt, Cernigliaro, Chakinala,
S. Chattu, V. Chattu, Dai, Darwesh, Bizuneh, Dianatinasab, Diaz, Do, Ebrahimi, Etemadi,
Gad, Gadanya, Gilani, Glasbey, Gopalani, Goudarzi, B. Gupta, Haj-Mirzaian, Halwani,
Herteliu, Hezam, M. B. Hossain, Househ, Hussain, Ikuta, Ismail, Javaheri, Joseph,
Kalhor, Kameran Al-Salihi, Kandel, Karch, Keshavarz, Koyanagi, Kugbey, S. Lee, Leong,
Liu, Magdy Abd El Razek, Makki, Mansournia, M. Mohammadi, Mohammed, Mokdad, Moradi,
Mubarik, Naimzada, Negoi, Neupane Kandel, C. Nguyen, H. Nguyen, Niazi, Olagunju, Omar,
Pashazadeh Kan, Paudel, D. Pereira, Postma, Preotescu, Rahmani, Rajai, Ramezanzadeh,
S. Rao, Rawassizadeh, Salehi, Samaei, Samy, Sathian, Sur, Tadbiri, M. Tran, Valadan
Tahbaz, Velazquez, Vlassov, Vo, Volovici, Vu, Yeshaw, Younis, Yu, Zare, Zastrozhin,
Ziapour, Fitzmaurice, Murray, Force.
Obtained funding: Mokdad, Pashazadeh Kan, Samy, Force.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Kocarnik, Compton, Gaw, Pennini, Abolhassani, Adedeji, Adnani, Aghaali, A. Ahmadi,
Akunna, Alipour, Aljunid, Almasi-Hashiani, Amu, Arabloo, Arab-Zozani, Aujayeb, Ayala
Quintanilla, Azab, Baig, Barrow, Behzadifar, Bhagat, Bibi, Caetano dos Santos, Catalá-López,
V. Chattu, Chaturvedi, Chu, Dadras, L. Dandona, R. Dandona, M. Dhimal, Dianatinasab,
Djalalinia, Doaei, Eshrati, Eskandarieh, Ezzikouri, Faisaluddin, Farzadfar, Foroutan,
Fukumoto, Gadanya, Ghafourifard, Ghashghaee, Golechha, Hamidi, Hanif, Hasaballah,
R. Hay, S. Hay, Hayat, M. Hossain, Hosseinzadeh, Hugo, Hussein, Ibitoye, R. Islam,
Jayaram, Jonas, Kahrizi, Kalankesh, Kasa, Kavetskyy, Khader, Khalilov, M. A. Khan,
A. Kisa, S. Kisa, G. Kumar, S. W. Lee, Leigh, M. Li, Magdy Abd El Razek, Male, Mansournia,
Mehrotra, Menezes, Mengesha, Michalek, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Mohammed, Moka, Mokdad,
Narasimha Swamy, Nnaji, Nzoputam, Ogbo, Olagunju, Omonisi, Ong, P A, Panda-Jonas,
Pardhan, J. Patel, D. Pereira, Perianayagam, Pirouzpanah, Preotescu, M. Rabiee, N.
Rabiee, Rahim, Rajesh, Nima Rezaei, Rezapour, Sabour, Saddik, Saeed, Sahoo, Salem,
Samy, Sanabria, Sawhney, Shafaat, Shaghaghi, Shannawaz, Shibuya, Shivakumar, Silva,
Soeberg, Tabares-Seisdedos, Tabuchi, Tan, Tat, Tedla, Tessema, Thavamani, B. Tran,
I. Ullah, S. Ullah, Unnikrishnan, Valadan Tahbaz, Vlassov, Waheed, Yaya, Yunusa, Zhou,
Murray, Force.
Supervision: Kocarnik, Compton, Abbastabar, Abd-Elsalam, Abedi, Adnani, Akalu, Amu, Azab, Azzam,
Banach, Bärnighausen, Barra, Bleyer, Caetano dos Santos, Cernigliaro, Djalalinia,
dos Santos Figueiredo, Ferrero, Ferro Desideri, Fukumoto, Gaal, Gallus, Ghashghaee,
S. Hay, M. Hostiuc, Irham, Isola, Jakovljevic, Joo, Kavetskyy, Keshavarz, Keykhaei,
Khalilov, Maseer Khan, Y. Kim, Kutluk, W. Lee, Y. Lee, Magdy Abd El Razek, Majeed,
Malik, Mansournia, T. Miazgowski, Michalek, S. Mohammadi, Mokdad, Omonisi, Panagiotakos,
M. Rabiee, N. Rabiee, Nima Rezaei, Rodriguez, Saeed, Sahoo, Samy, Sardiwalla, Schneider,
P. Shetty, Silva, Skryabin, Skryabina, Sur, Szerencsés, Szócska, Tan, Tripathy, I.
Ullah, Valadan Tahbaz, Veroux, Westerman, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Yang, Zastrozhin, Zastrozhina,
Murray, Force.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Kocarnik reported grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and American
Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities as well as nonfinancial support from the Institute
for Health Metrics and Evaluation during the conduct of the study. Drs Lu, Xu, Bisignano,
Compton, Dean, Fu, Mohammed, and Henrikson reported grants from the Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation during the conduct of the study. Dr Ancuceanu reported personal fees
and nonfinancial support from AbbVie; personal fees from Sandoz and B. Braun; and
consulting/speaking fees from UCB, Sandoz, AbbVie, Zentiva, Teva, Laropharm, CEGEDIM,
Angelini, B. Braun, Biessen Pharma, Hofigal, AstraZeneca, and Stada. Dr Atorkey received
research support from Hunter Medical Research Research Institute. Dr Bhaskar reported
grants from the NSW Ministry of Health NSW Brain Clot Bank outside the submitted work
and serving on the board of directors for the Rotary Club of Sydney and International
Rotary Fellowship of Healthcare Professionals. Dr Conde reported being a cofounder
of and shareholder in TargTex S.A. Dr Dai reported grants from the Bill & Melinda
Gates Foundation and Bloomberg Philanthropies. Dr Filip reported financial support
from Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute. Dr Ghith reported grants from
NovoNordisk Foundation outside the submitted work. Dr Haro reported research support
from Eli Lilly and Co. Dr J. Islam reported grants from the American Society of Clinical
Oncology outside the submitted work. Dr S. Islam reported grants from NHMRC Emerging
Leadership Fellowship and the National Heart Foundation of Australia Fellowship and
Vanguard Grant outside the submitted work. Dr Ismail reported being a council member
of the Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy. Dr Katikireddi reported grants from the Medical
Research Council and the Scottish government Chief Scientist Office during the conduct
of the study as well as being a member of the steering group for Obesity Action Scotland.
Dr Kauppila reported grants from the Finnish Cancer Foundation, Sigrid Juselius Foundation,
and Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation outside the submitted work. Dr Loureiro
reported grants from FCT Scientific and Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme
through the European Regional Development Fund outside the submitted work. Dr Moni
reported grants from the University of Queensland during the conduct of the study.
Dr Radfar reported financial support from Avicenna Medical and the Clinical Research
Institute. Dr Rakovac reported grants from the World Health Organization during the
conduct of the study. Dr Saylan reported being an employee of Bayer. Dr Sekerija reported
personal fees from Roche and Johnson & Johnson outside the submitted work. Dr Sheikh
reported grants from Health Data Research UK outside the submitted work. Dr Singh
reported consulting fees from Crealta/Horizon, Navigant, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life
Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, Practice Point, National Institutes
of Health, American College of Rheumatology, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Adept Field Solutions,
Two Labs Inc, Clinical Care Options, Clearview Healthcare Partners, Putnam Associates,
and Focus Forward; stock options in TPT Global Tech, Vaxart, Atyu, Adaptimmune Therapeutics,
GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, and Charlotte’s Web Holdings, Inc; nonfinancial
support from Outcomes Measures in Rheumatology; service on the US Food and Drug Administration
arthritis advisory committee, American College of Rheumatology's annual meeting planning
committee and quality of care committees and as chair of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology
Field Advisory Committee and American College of Rheumatology Meet-the-Professor,
Workshop and Study Group subcommittee and Criteria and Response Criteria subcommittee
(cochair); and being the editor and director of the University of Alabama at Birmingham
Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis. Dr Zhu reported
grants from the UTHealth Innovation for Cancer Prevention Research Training Program
Predoctoral Fellowship. Dr Force reported grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
and St. Baldrick’s Foundation, financial support from the National Institutes of Health
Loan Repayment Award, and research support from the American Lebanese Syrian Associated
Charities. Dr Aujayeb reports grants, honoraria, and personal fees from Rocket Medical
PLC outside the submitted work. Dr Ausloos reports grants from the Romanian National
Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation outside the submitted work. Dr Bärnighausen
reports grants from the European Union, German Research Foundation, National Institutes
of Health, German Ministry of Education and Research, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation,
Else-Kröner-Fresenius-Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
KfW, UNAIDS, and World Health Organization; consulting fees from KfW; board participation
in the National Institutes of Health’s Healthy Options study, German National Committee,
EDCTP Evaluation, Global Health Hub Germany, and University of Pennsylvania Population
Aging Research Center; and service as a member of the UNAIDS Evaluation Expert Advisory
Committee, National Institutes of Health Study Section on Population and Public Health
Approaches to HIV/AIDS, and the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and
Medicine Committee for the Evaluation of Human Resources for Health in the Republic
of Rwanda under the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief outside the submitted
work. Dr Bhagat reports personal fees from Elsevier and Springer outside the submitted
work. Dr Bleyer reports royalties or licenses from Springer Publishing, Germany; consulting
fees from Slack Publishing, and expert testimony with Bradley Drendel & Jeanney outside
the submitted work. Dr Braithwaite reports research support from the National Institutes
of Health/National Cancer Institute. Dr Catalá-López reports board service with the
International Agency for Research on Cancer outside the submitted work. Dr Chaturvedi
reports grants from the National Institutes of Health and government of India outside
the submitted work. Dr Cortés reports research support from the Advanced Center for
Chronic Diseases and Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (Agencia Nacional de
Investigación y Desarrollo Chile. Dr Driscoll reports expert testimony in 2019 and
board membership with the Expert Advisory Group of the Australian Mesothelioma Registry
outside the submitted work. Dr El-Jaafary reports service on the steering committee
of the Movement Disorder Society Young Members group. Dr Grosso reports research support
from the University of Catania Osservatorio Epidemiologico Regionale and University
of Catania and grants from the Italian Ministry of Health outside the submitted work.
Dr Guha reports grants from the the American Heart Association. Dr Gunasekera reports
service as an assistant secretary for Sri Lanka College of Oncology outside the submitted
work. Dr Gupta reports grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council,
Australia outside the submitted work. Dr Haider reports research support from Ohio
University and board service for the American Public Health Association outside the
submitted work. Dr Herteliu reports grants from the Romanian National Authority for
Scientific Research and Innovation and Ministry of Labour and Social Justice, Romania
outside the submitted work. Dr Hugo reports research support from CAPES Higher Education
Improvement Coordination Brazil. Dr Kahrizi reports research support, grants, royalties/licenses,
consulting fees, honoraria, expert testimony, patents (planned, issued, or pending),
board service, and stock and stock options from Razi University outside the submitted
work. Dr G. Khan reports membership with the UAE Ministry of Health National Immunization
Task Advisory Group. Dr Koul reports research support from Sheri Kashmir Institute
of Medical Sciences. Dr La Vecchia reports grants or contracts from Associazione Italiana
per la Ricerca sul Cancro outside the submitted work. Dr Miller reports grants from
AB InBev Foundation outside the submitted work. Dr Odukoya reports grants from the
National Institutes of Health. Dr Pana reports grants from the Romanian National Authority
for Scientific Research and Innovation outside the submitted word. Dr Panagiotakos
reports research support from the Hellenic Cardiology Society and Hellenic Atherosclerosis
Society. Dr Sanabria reports research support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
patents with their institution and board service for the Department and Surgical Services
Lines outside the submitted work. Dr Silva reports research support from Coordenação
de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brasil and CNPq. Dr Straif reports
board service with the Collegium Ramazzini and ISEE Europe Chapter as an elected member
and nonfinancial support from the International Agency for Research on Cancer outside
the submitted work. Dr Volovici reports personal fees from
JAMA Network Open. Dr Yazie reports research support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, American
Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, and St. Baldrick’s Foundation. Dr Younis reports
research support from Jackson State University. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation received funding from the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities. Dr
Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management of Kuwait University
and the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University
of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project.
Dr Bhaskar acknowledges institutional support from the NSW Ministry of Health and
NSW Health Pathology. Dr Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt
Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, which is funded by
the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Dr Braithwaite acknowledges
funding from the National Institutes of Health/ National Cancer Institute. Dr Conde
acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council ERC Starting Grant
agreement No 848325. Dr Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received
by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, IP under
the Norma Transitória grant DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Dr Ghith acknowledges support
from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). Dr Glasbey is supported
by a National Institute of Health Research Doctoral Research Fellowship. Dr Vivek
Kumar Gupta acknowledges funding support from National Health and Medical Research
Council Australia. Dr Haque thanks Jazan University, Saudi Arabia for providing access
to the Saudi Digital Library for this research study. Drs Herteliu, Pana, and Ausloos
are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific
Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084.
Dr Hugo received support from the Higher Education Improvement Coordination of the
Brazilian Ministry of Education for a sabbatical period at the Institute for Health
Metrics and Evaluation, between September 2019 and August 2020. Dr Sheikh Mohammed
Shariful Islam acknowledges funding by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Fellowship
and National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Fellowship. Dr
Jakovljevic acknowledges support through grant OI 175014 of the Ministry of Education
Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Dr Katikireddi acknowledges
funding from a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00022/2), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist
Office (SPHSU17). Dr Md Nuruzzaman Khan acknowledges the support of Jatiya Kabi Kazi
Nazrul Islam University, Bangladesh. Dr Yun Jin Kim was supported by the Research
Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004). Dr Koulmane
Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional support from Manipal Academy of Higher Education.
Dr Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación, which is supported
by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Dr Loureiro was
supported by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia under the
Scientific Employment Stimulus–Institutional Call (CEECINST/00049/2018). Dr Molokhia
is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center
at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College
London. Dr Moosavi appreciates NIGEB's support. Dr Pati acknowledges support from
the SIAN Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation & Research. Dr Rakovac
acknowledges a grant from the government of the Russian Federation in the context
of World Health Organization Noncommunicable Diseases Office. Dr Samy was supported
by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Dr Sheikh acknowledges
support from Health Data Research UK. Drs Adithi Shetty and Unnikrishnan acknowledge
support given by Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education.
Dr Pavanchand H. Shetty acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education for their
research support. Dr Diego Augusto Santos Silva was financed in part by the Coordenação
de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil Finance Code 001 and is supported
in part by CNPq (302028/2018-8). Dr Zhu acknowledges the Cancer Prevention and Research
Institute of Texas grant RP210042.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funding organizations had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection,
management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval
of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Disclaimer: The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily
represent the official views of the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas.
Additional Contributions: We thank the many cancer registries around the world that worked to generate data
on cancer burden.
Additional Information: Information about individual author contributions to the research is detailed in
the eAppendix in the
Supplement.