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      Associations between Interleukin-32 Gene Polymorphisms rs12934561 and rs28372698 and Susceptibilities to Bladder Cancer and the Prognosis in Chinese Han Population

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          Abstract

          The proinflammatory chemokine interleukin-32 is related to various diseases, including cancer. However, it has never been associated with bladder cancer (BC). To detect whether there is a relationship between the IL-32 gene polymorphisms (rs12934561 C/T and rs28372698 T/A) and BC, the study enrolled 170 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients, 151 muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients, and 437 healthy controls. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used for the IL-32 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. Statistical analysis was performed using SNPstats online analysis software and SPSS software. Our data revealed that the CC homozygous genotype of rs12934561 in BC patients was significantly higher than that in controls ( P = 0.03, OR = 1.47, 95%CI = 1.04‐2.08), and the percentage of TC genotype carriers was relatively less than that of controls ( P = 0.001, OR = 0.61, 95%CI = 0.45‐0.82). Furthermore, the TT homozygous genotype of rs28372698 was associated with a significantly lower overall survival rate in MIBC patients ( P = 0.028, OR = 2.77, 95%CI = 1.11‐6.90). The IL-32 gene polymorphism rs12934561 might be associated with increased BC risk, and the rs28372698 might participate in the prognosis of BC patients. Therefore, they could be potential forecasting factors for the prognosis of MIBC patients.

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          Primer3—new capabilities and interfaces

          Andreas Untergasser, Ioana Cutcutache, Triinu Koressaar … (2012)
          Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a basic molecular biology technique with a multiplicity of uses, including deoxyribonucleic acid cloning and sequencing, functional analysis of genes, diagnosis of diseases, genotyping and discovery of genetic variants. Reliable primer design is crucial for successful PCR, and for over a decade, the open-source Primer3 software has been widely used for primer design, often in high-throughput genomics applications. It has also been incorporated into numerous publicly available software packages and web services. During this period, we have greatly expanded Primer3’s functionality. In this article, we describe Primer3’s current capabilities, emphasizing recent improvements. The most notable enhancements incorporate more accurate thermodynamic models in the primer design process, both to improve melting temperature prediction and to reduce the likelihood that primers will form hairpins or dimers. Additional enhancements include more precise control of primer placement—a change motivated partly by opportunities to use whole-genome sequences to improve primer specificity. We also added features to increase ease of use, including the ability to save and re-use parameter settings and the ability to require that individual primers not be used in more than one primer pair. We have made the core code more modular and provided cleaner programming interfaces to further ease integration with other software. These improvements position Primer3 for continued use with genome-scale data in the decade ahead.
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            Cancer statistics, 2015.

            Rebecca Siegel, Kimberly D Miller, Ahmedin Jemal (2015)
            Each year the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] Program), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (National Program of Cancer Registries), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,658,370 new cancer cases and 589,430 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2015. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2007-2011), delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates (13 oldest SEER registries) declined by 1.8% per year in men and were stable in women, while cancer death rates nationwide decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.4% per year in women. The overall cancer death rate decreased from 215.1 (per 100,000 population) in 1991 to 168.7 in 2011, a total relative decline of 22%. However, the magnitude of the decline varied by state, and was generally lowest in the South (∼15%) and highest in the Northeast (≥20%). For example, there were declines of 25% to 30% in Maryland, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New York, and Delaware, which collectively averted 29,000 cancer deaths in 2011 as a result of this progress. Further gains can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
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              Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer.

              Maximilian Burger, James Catto, Guido Dalbagni … (2013)
              Urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) is a disease of significant morbidity and mortality. It is important to understand the risk factors of this disease. To describe the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of UBC and to review and interpret the current evidence on and impact of the related risk factors. A literature search in English was performed using PubMed. Relevant papers on the epidemiology of UBC were selected. UBC is the 7th most common cancer worldwide in men and the 17th most common cancer worldwide in women. Approximately 75% of newly diagnosed UBCs are noninvasive. Each year, approximately 110 500 men and 70 000 women are diagnosed with new cases and 38 200 patients in the European Union and 17 000 US patients die from UBC. Smoking is the most common risk factor and accounts for approximately half of all UBCs. Occupational exposure to aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are other important risk factors. The impact of diet and environmental pollution is less evident. Increasing evidence suggests a significant influence of genetic predisposition on incidence. UBC is a frequently occurring malignancy with a significant impact on public health and will remain so because of the high prevalence of smoking. The importance of primary prevention must be stressed, and smoking cessation programs need to be encouraged and supported. Copyright © 2012 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 374 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jia Wang:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6957-9810
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Dis Markers
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Dis Markers
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DM
                Title: Disease Markers
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 0278-0240
                ISSN (Electronic): 1875-8630
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 November 2020
                Volume: 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 8860445
                Affiliations
                1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
                2Department of Urology, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Hubertus Himmerich

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6957-9810
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2020/8860445
                PMC ID: 7661138
                SO-VID: 5b40bdda-0798-41fa-b2f4-787f12b05707
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Jie Yang et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 20 April 2020
                Date revision received : 20 July 2020
                Date accepted : 24 October 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Data availability:

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