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      Cultural differences in social support seeking: The mediating role of empathic concern

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          Abstract

          Prior research has found that East Asians are less willing than Westerners to seek social support in times of need. What factors account for this cultural difference? Whereas previous research has examined the mediating effect of relational concern, we predicted that empathic concern, which refers to feeling sympathy and concern for people in need and varies by individuals from different cultures, would promote support seeking. We tested the prediction in two studies. In Study 1, European Canadians reported higher empathic concern and a higher frequency of support seeking, compared to the Japanese participants. As predicted, cultural differences in social support seeking were influenced by empathic concern. In Study 2, both empathic concern and relational concern mediated cultural differences in support seeking. Japanese with lower empathic concern but higher relational concern were more reluctant than European Americans to seek social support during stressful times. Finally, loneliness, which was more prevalent among the Japanese than among the European Americans, was partially explained by social support seeking.

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          Most cited references79

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          Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review.

          Actual and perceived social isolation are both associated with increased risk for early mortality. In this meta-analytic review, our objective is to establish the overall and relative magnitude of social isolation and loneliness and to examine possible moderators. We conducted a literature search of studies (January 1980 to February 2014) using MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Social Work Abstracts, and Google Scholar. The included studies provided quantitative data on mortality as affected by loneliness, social isolation, or living alone. Across studies in which several possible confounds were statistically controlled for, the weighted average effect sizes were as follows: social isolation odds ratio (OR) = 1.29, loneliness OR = 1.26, and living alone OR = 1.32, corresponding to an average of 29%, 26%, and 32% increased likelihood of mortality, respectively. We found no differences between measures of objective and subjective social isolation. Results remain consistent across gender, length of follow-up, and world region, but initial health status has an influence on the findings. Results also differ across participant age, with social deficits being more predictive of death in samples with an average age younger than 65 years. Overall, the influence of both objective and subjective social isolation on risk for mortality is comparable with well-established risk factors for mortality.
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            You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: consider the brief COPE.

            Studies of coping in applied settings often confront the need to minimize time demands on participants. The problem of participant response burden is exacerbated further by the fact that these studies typically are designed to test multiple hypotheses with the same sample, a strategy that entails the use of many time-consuming measures. Such research would benefit from a brief measure of coping assessing several responses known to be relevant to effective and ineffective coping. This article presents such a brief form of a previously published measure called the COPE inventory (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989), which has proven to be useful in health-related research. The Brief COPE omits two scales of the full COPE, reduces others to two items per scale, and adds one scale. Psychometric properties of the Brief COPE are reported, derived from a sample of adults participating in a study of the process of recovery after Hurricane Andrew.
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              Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach.

              Mark Davis (1983)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                30 December 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 12
                : e0262001
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
                [2 ] Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
                [3 ] Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
                [4 ] Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
                [5 ] Department of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
                [6 ] Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
                Universitat de Valencia, SPAIN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3023-4858
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-8138
                Article
                PONE-D-20-40124
                10.1371/journal.pone.0262001
                8718000
                34969056
                5b1a9021-051f-4709-bf44-c05c00d14b46
                © 2021 Zheng et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 21 December 2020
                : 15 December 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Pages: 21
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science;
                Award ID: Topic-Setting Program to Advance Cutting-Edge Humanities and Social Sciences Research Area Cultivation (#D-4)
                Award Recipient :
                The research was supported by Topic-Setting Program to Advance Cutting-Edge Humanities and Social Sciences Research Area Cultivation (#D-4), the Japan Society for the Promotion Science to Keiko Ishii. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
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                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Culture
                People and Places
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                Europe
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Culture
                Cross-Cultural Studies
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Collective Human Behavior
                Interpersonal Relationships
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Collective Human Behavior
                Interpersonal Relationships
                People and Places
                Geographical Locations
                Asia
                Japan
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Social Psychology
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Social Psychology
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                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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