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      Rinite ocupacional - Desafios na abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica Translated title: Occupational rhinitis - Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges Caregivers

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          Abstract

          RESUMO A rinite ocupacional é uma patologia inflamatória da mucosa nasal caracterizada por sintomas nasais intermitentes ou persistentes e/ou limitação variável do fluxo aéreo nasal e/ou hipersecreção nasal devido a causas atribuíveis a um ambiente de trabalho específico. Pode ser classificada em alérgica (IgE-mediada ou não IgE-mediada) ou não alérgica. A rinite ocupacional alérgica é habitualmente a expressão clínica inaugural da sensibilização das vias aéreas a um alergénio presente no ambiente laboral e pode preceder o aparecimento da asma ocupacional. Embora o diagnóstico seja essencialmente clínico, pelos aspetos médico-legais envolvidos, torna-se importante identificar os agentes etiológicos, sendo a prova de provocação nasal o gold-standard diagnóstico; no entanto, quando não está disponível, poderá ser feita uma avaliação no local de trabalho. A opção terapêutica mais eficaz consiste na evicção da exposição. Neste artigo reunimos a evidência científica atual relativa à rinite ocupacional, partindo de um caso clínico para contextualização do problema.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Occupational rhinitis is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa, characterized by intermittent or persistent nasal symptoms and/or variable limitation of nasal airflow and/or nasal hypersecretion due to causes attributable to a specific work environment. It can be classified as allergic (IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated) or non-allergic. Allergic occupational rhinitis is usually the inaugural clinical expression of airway sensitization to an allergen present in the workplace and may precede the onset of occupational asthma. Although the diagnosis is essentially clinical, due to the medical-legal aspects involved, it is important to identify the etiological agents, being the nasal provocation test considered the gold-standard of diagnosis; however, when not available, a workplace assessment can be made. The most effective therapeutic option is to avoid exposure. In this article we gather the current scientific evidence related to occupational rhinitis, starting from a clinical case to contextualize the problem.

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          Most cited references58

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          Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma

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            EAACI Position paper on the standardization of nasal allergen challenges

            Nasal allergen challenge (NAC) is an important tool to diagnose allergic rhinitis. In daily clinical routine, experimentally, or when measuring therapeutic success clinically, nasal allergen challenge is fundamental. It is further one of the key diagnostic tools when initiating specific allergen immunotherapy. So far, national recommendations offered guidance on its execution; however, international divergence left many questions unanswered. These differences in the literature caused EAACI to initiate a task force to answer unmet needs and find a consensus in executing nasal allergen challenge. On the basis of a systematic review containing nasal allergen challenges of the past years, task force members reviewed evidence, discussed open issues, and studied variations of several subjective and objective assessment parameters to propose a standardized way of a nasal allergen challenge procedure in clinical practice. Besides an update on indications, contraindications, and preparations for the test procedure, main recommendations are a bilaterally challenge with standardized allergens, with a spray device offering 0.1 mL per nostril. A systematic catalogue for positivity criteria is given for the variety of established subjective and objective assessment methods as well as a schedule for the challenge procedure. The task force recommends a unified protocol for NAC for daily clinical practice, aiming at eliminating the previous difficulty of comparing NAC results due to unmet needs.
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              The healthy worker effect in asthma: work may cause asthma, but asthma may also influence work.

              Despite the increasing attention to the relationship between asthma and work exposures, occupational asthma remains underrecognized and its population burden underestimated. This may be due, in part, to the fact that traditional approaches to studying asthma in populations cannot adequately take into account the healthy worker effect (HWE). The HWE is the potential bias caused by the phenomenon that sicker individuals may choose work environments in which exposures are low; they may be excluded from being hired; or once hired, they may seek transfer to less exposed jobs or leave work. This article demonstrates that population- and workplace-based asthma studies are particularly subject to HWE bias, which leads to underestimates of relative risks. Our objective is to describe the HWE as it relates to asthma research, and to discuss the significance of taking HWE bias into account in designing and interpreting asthma studies. We also discuss the importance of understanding HWE bias for public health practitioners and for clinicians. Finally, we emphasize the timeliness of this review in light of the many longitudinal "child to young adult" asthma cohort studies currently underway. These prospective studies will soon provide an ideal opportunity to examine the impact of early workplace environments on asthma in young adults. We urge occupational and childhood asthma epidemiologists collaborate to ensure that this opportunity is not lost.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                imu
                Revista Portuguesa de Imunoalergologia
                Rev Port Imunoalergologia
                Sociedade Portuguesa de Alergologia e Imunologia Clínica (Lisboa, , Portugal )
                0871-9721
                June 2021
                : 29
                : 2
                : 107-119
                Affiliations
                [4] Lisboa orgnameCentro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte orgdiv1Serviço de Imunoalergologia Portugal
                [5] Porto orgnameHospital CUF Porto e Instituto CUF Porto orgdiv1Unidade de Imunoalergologia Portugal
                [3] Porto orgnameCentro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto orgdiv1Serviço de Imunoalergologia Portugal
                [6] Porto orgnameUniversidade do Porto orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde (CINTESIS) Portugal
                [1] Vila Nova de Gaia orgnameCentro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho orgdiv1Serviço de Imunoalergologia Portugal
                [2] Coimbra orgnameCentro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra orgdiv1Serviço de Imunoalergologia Portugal
                Article
                S0871-97212021000200107 S0871-9721(21)02900200107
                10.32932/rpia.2021.07.058
                5ac8c63f-46f2-4c78-b302-29d5adf893dd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 November 2020
                : 25 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 59, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Categories
                Página Educacional - Artigo de Revisão

                occupational rhinitis,Diagnosis,treatment.,Diagnóstico,rinite ocupacional,tratamento.

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