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      Assessment of serum lactate levels, blood glucose values and blood gas values in sheep, newborn lambs and placenta Translated title: Avaliação da concentração de lactato sérico, glicemia e hemogasometria de ovelhas, cordeiros recém-nascidos e placenta

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT: Newborn animals, in the fetal-to-neonatal transition, usually face several challenges in their first 24 hours, including issues with acid-base balance, glycemic levels and oxygenation. Difficulties to overcome such issues have caused several deaths among newborns. Therefore, studies have been carried out in order to evaluate them. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation between the serum lactate level in the mother, in the placenta and in the newborn. Moreover, the study measured the lactate level, blood glucose level and blood gas level in the first 24 hours. Tests were carried out right after birth, and at 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after. Lactate levels were quite similar to the placental levels (p=0.991) which, in turn, were significantly different from the mother’s (p=0.011). Results showed that, shortly after birth, the production of lactate in the placenta is part of the issue. Along the first 24 hours, the study observed a reduction of the levels of lactate in newborns; the levels were closer to the normal index levels for the species. Regarding the blood gas test results, we observed mild metabolic acidosis at birth; acid-base balance was completely stable at the end of the period.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO: Os principais desafios da transição fetal-neonatal são a estabilização do equilíbrio ácido-básico, glicemia e oxigenação ao longo das primeiras 24 horas de vida. Falhas nesse sistema são a maior causa de morte nesse período e os estudos de viabilidade neonatal tem se concentrado nas avaliações destas variáveis. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a comparação da lactatemia materna, placentária e neonatal ao nascimento e, ainda, observar o comportamento do lactato, glicemia e hemogasometria nas primeiras 24 horas de vida do neonato ovino. Para tanto, as avaliações foram realizadas ao nascimento, 4, 8, 12 e 24 horas após. A lactatemia neonatal se mostrou próxima à placentária (p=0,991) e significativamente diferente da materna (p=0,011), o que sugere uma influência da produção de lactato pela placenta na lactatemia neonatal ao nascimento. Ao longo das 24 horas de vida foi possível observar a depuração de lactato pelo organismo do neonato, aproximando assim dos valores de referência para a espécie. Na hemogasometria foi possível observar discreta acidose metabólica, com normalização já nas primeiras 4 horas e estabilização completa do equilíbrio ácido-básico ao final das 24 horas de vida.

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          Venous blood lactate evaluation in equine neonatal intensive care.

          The use of blood lactate concentration as an indicator of prognosis and disease severity has become a common practice in equine medicine, especially with the validation of handheld analyzers. However, few authors described lactate concentration in critically ill foals, and there are no published studies about the use of handheld analyzers in neonatal foals. In this study, for the first time in the equine neonate, we validated the Lactate Scout analyzer, both in healthy and in critically ill foals. The study also describes the normal range for blood lactate in 26 healthy neonatal foals during the first 72 h of life. Moreover, the utility of venous lactate measurement in 88 critically ill foals was determined, describing lactate values in the most common neonatal pathologies, evaluating serial blood lactate measurements, and investigating its prognostic value. The comparison with the enzymatic-colorimetric reference method showed that the Lactate Scout analyzer is reliable. The mean difference (bias +/-2SD) between the two methods was close to zero for all comparisons, and the SD of difference was +/-0.76 with a 95% confidence interval from -1.58 to 1.40 mmol/L. In healthy foals, blood lactate concentrations at birth and at 12h of life were statistically higher (P<0.01) than lactate concentrations measured at subsequent times. In critically ill foals, the highest lactate concentration at admission was found in hemorrhagic shock, septic shock, and complicated perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS). Our results showed that hyperlactatemia, although it does not provide diagnostic information, indicates the severity of illness and the need for an early and aggressive intervention. This could be very useful both during hospitalization and in the field to support veterinarians in making a decision about referral. Furthermore lactatemia proved to be a reliable prognostic parameter: In nonsurviving foals, hyperlactatemia persisted during the entire hospitalization, whereas in survivors there were no significant differences after 24h from admission. Because prognostic parameters have certain limitations, hyperlactatemia should not be used alone to decide whether to discontinue treatments in critically ill foals. A careful and complete clinical examination is always essential. 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            The composition of foetal and maternal blood during parturition in the ewe.

            1. Changes in the composition of foetal and maternal blood have been followed during the last 5-10 days of gestation and throughout parturition in the conscious sheep.2. Catheters were placed in the foetal inferior vena cava through a tarsal vein and in a maternal uterine vein in ten ewes under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia. In four of the foetuses blood pressure and heart rates were recorded before and during parturition from an arterial catheter.3. Foetal blood gas tensions, pH and PCV remained stable during the latter part of gestation and throughout labour until 15 min before delivery, when P(O) (2) and pH fell while PCV and P(CO) (2) rose in about 50% of the foetuses examined.4. Metabolite levels were also relatively stable at the end of gestation. Plasma glucose in both maternal and foetal blood rose during the hour before birth, while foetal plasma lactate was elevated as early as 4 hr before birth and was unrelated to any maternal changes. Foetal fructose levels were maintained until after delivery.5. Rises in foetal blood pressure before birth were associated with uterine contractions. Foetal heart rate changes during labour varied in different individuals. The heart rate either fell gradually before birth or there was little change until a sudden drop at delivery.6. The most striking changes in the lamb occurred at, or a few minutes after, birth; pH and P(O) (2) fell, P(CO) (2) and PCV rose, and bradycardia at delivery was succeeded by prolonged tachycardia. There were marked increases in plasma glucose and lactic acid at this time.7. P(O) (2) rose rapidly once respiration was established, while pH and P(CO) (2) levels were restored within (1/2)-1 hr. Plasma FFA levels rose rapidly in the lambs 10-30 min after birth and remained high, while plasma glucose, lactate and fructose concentrations declined slowly in the 1-2 hr after birth, although suckling raised the plasma glucose levels. Considerable individual variation in the metabolite levels was found in both ewes and lambs.8. In the majority of ewes delivery was associated with an abrupt maternal hyperglycaemia, with a much smaller rise in lactate and virtually no change in maternal blood gases or pH.9. These findings are discussed in relation to existing information on new-born lambs and the human infant during birth.
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              The reliability of the i-STAT clinical portable analyser.

              The purpose of this investigation was to assess the reliability of the i-STAT clinical portable analyser and CG(4)(+) cartridge measures of blood pH, partial pressures of O(2) (pO(2)) and CO(2) (pCO(2)), bicarbonate ([HCO(3)(-)]), base excess (BE), total carbon dioxide (TCO(2)), oxygen saturation (sO(2)) and blood lactate ([BLa(-)]) at various exercise intensities. A comparison between [BLa(-)] measured by the i-STAT and the Accusport lactate analysers during an intermittent treadmill run was also undertaken. The technical error of measurement (TEM%) at rest, at moderate (200W) and maximal exercise (V O(2)max) was acceptable ( 4mmolL(-1)) (0.58+/-1.22mmolL(-1)), and across all [BLa(-)] data (0.36+/-1.13mmolL(-1)). In conclusion, the i-STAT clinical analyser and CG(4)(+) cartridge provides reliable measures of a number of blood parameters across exercise intensities. The [BLa(-)] measures from the i-STAT analyser are consistent with that of the Accusport lactate analyser.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pvb
                Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira
                Pesq. Vet. Bras.
                Colégio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0100-736X
                1678-5150
                September 2018
                : 38
                : 9
                : 1878-1884
                Affiliations
                [2] Mirante Marília São Paulo orgnameUniversidade de Marília orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Brazil
                [3] Botucatu orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia orgdiv2Departamento de Clínica Veterinária Brazil
                Article
                S0100-736X2018000901878
                10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5689
                5a87c6f2-43f4-40e4-9998-aa8d66ed464b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 March 2018
                : 20 January 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Brazil


                Lactato sérico,glicemia,hemogasometria,ovelhas,cordeiros,recém-nascido,placenta,ovinos,lactato,fisiologia,Serum lactate,blood glucose,blood gas,sheep,newborn,lambs,ewes,lactate,physiology

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