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      Applications of the amniotic membrane in tissue engineering and regeneration: the hundred-year challenge

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          Graphical Abstract

          The amniotic membrane (Amnio-M) has various applications in regenerative medicine. It acts as a highly biocompatible natural scaffold and as a source of several types of stem cells and potent growth factors. It also serves as an effective nano-reservoir for drug delivery, thanks to its high entrapment properties. Over the past century, the use of the Amnio-M in the clinic has evolved from a simple sheet for topical applications for skin and corneal repair into more advanced forms, such as micronized dehydrated membrane, amniotic cytokine extract, and solubilized powder injections to regenerate muscles, cartilage, and tendons. This review highlights the development of the Amnio-M over the years and the implication of new and emerging nanotechnology to support expanding its use for tissue engineering and clinical applications.

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          Molecular mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

          Samy Lamouille, Jian Xu, Rik Derynck (2014)
          The transdifferentiation of epithelial cells into motile mesenchymal cells, a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is integral in development, wound healing and stem cell behaviour, and contributes pathologically to fibrosis and cancer progression. This switch in cell differentiation and behaviour is mediated by key transcription factors, including SNAIL, zinc-finger E-box-binding (ZEB) and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, the functions of which are finely regulated at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. The reprogramming of gene expression during EMT, as well as non-transcriptional changes, are initiated and controlled by signalling pathways that respond to extracellular cues. Among these, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family signalling has a predominant role; however, the convergence of signalling pathways is essential for EMT.
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            EMT: 2016.

            M. Angela Nieto, Ruby Yun-Ju Huang, Rebecca A. Jackson … (2016)
            The significant parallels between cell plasticity during embryonic development and carcinoma progression have helped us understand the importance of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human disease. Our expanding knowledge of EMT has led to a clarification of the EMT program as a set of multiple and dynamic transitional states between the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, as opposed to a process involving a single binary decision. EMT and its intermediate states have recently been identified as crucial drivers of organ fibrosis and tumor progression, although there is some need for caution when interpreting its contribution to metastatic colonization. Here, we discuss the current state-of-the-art and latest findings regarding the concept of cellular plasticity and heterogeneity in EMT. We raise some of the questions pending and identify the challenges faced in this fast-moving field.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1214 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The extracellular matrix: not just pretty fibrils.

              Richard O. Hynes (2009)
              The extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM proteins are important in phenomena as diverse as developmental patterning, stem cell niches, cancer, and genetic diseases. The ECM has many effects beyond providing structural support. ECM proteins typically include multiple, independently folded domains whose sequences and arrangement are highly conserved. Some of these domains bind adhesion receptors such as integrins that mediate cell-matrix adhesion and also transduce signals into cells. However, ECM proteins also bind soluble growth factors and regulate their distribution, activation, and presentation to cells. As organized, solid-phase ligands, ECM proteins can integrate complex, multivalent signals to cells in a spatially patterned and regulated fashion. These properties need to be incorporated into considerations of the functions of the ECM.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Nagwa El-Badri:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1965-611X
                nelbadri@zewailcity.edu.eg
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Stem Cell Res Ther
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Stem Cell Res Ther
                Title: Stem Cell Research & Therapy
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1757-6512
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 January 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 January 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 13
                Electronic Location Identifier: 8
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.440881.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0576 5483, Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), , Zewail City of Science and Technology, ; October Gardens, 6th of October City, 12582 Giza Egypt
                [2 ]GRID grid.7155.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2260 6941, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , Alexandria University, ; Alexandria, 22785 Egypt
                [3 ]GRID grid.411662.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0412 4932, Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), , Beni-Suef University, ; Beni-Suef, 62511 Egypt
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1965-611X
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2684
                DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02684-0
                PMC ID: 8744057
                PubMed ID: 35012669
                SO-VID: 5a71c219-0a59-4dad-9c1a-97252190aa32
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 16 November 2021
                Date accepted : 9 December 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Academy of Scientific Research and Technology
                Award ID: 7304
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: natural biomaterial,amnion,biodegradability,regenerative medicine,tissue engineering
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: natural biomaterial, amnion, biodegradability, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering

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