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      What’s new in HIV dermatology?

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          Abstract

          HIV has long been associated with a number of inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic skin conditions. In the era of anti-retroviral therapy, we have discovered even more about the relationship between skin disease and chronic immunosuppression. In particular, clinicians still face the propensity of persons living with HIV to develop difficult-to-control viral infections, chronic skin inflammation, and pruritus and—particularly as patients age—various types of skin cancers. Here, we summarize recent updates in the field of HIV dermatology and make recommendations to providers caring for these patients.

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          Efficacy, safety, and effect on sexual behaviour of on-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in men who have sex with men: an observational cohort study.

          Jean-Michel Molina, Isabelle Charreau, Bruno Spire … (2017)
          Data for on-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are scarce. We implemented a cohort study to assess its efficacy, safety, and effect on sexual behaviour.
          Article 0 comments Cited 166 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Resistance of herpes simplex viruses to nucleoside analogues: mechanisms, prevalence, and management.

            Guy Boivin, Jocelyne Piret (2011)
            Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) type 1 and type 2 are responsible for recurrent orolabial and genital infections. The standard therapy for the management of HSV infections includes acyclovir (ACV) and penciclovir (PCV) with their respective prodrugs valacyclovir and famciclovir. These compounds are phosphorylated by the viral thymidine kinase (TK) and then by cellular kinases. The triphosphate forms selectively inhibit the viral DNA polymerase (DNA pol) activity. Drug-resistant HSV isolates are frequently recovered from immunocompromised patients but rarely found in immunocompetent subjects. The gold standard phenotypic method for evaluating the susceptibility of HSV isolates to antiviral drugs is the plaque reduction assay. Plaque autoradiography allows the associated phenotype to be distinguished (TK-wild-type, TK-negative, TK-low-producer, or TK-altered viruses or mixtures of wild-type and mutant viruses). Genotypic characterization of drug-resistant isolates can reveal mutations located in the viral TK and/or in the DNA pol genes. Recombinant HSV mutants can be generated to analyze the contribution of each specific mutation with regard to the drug resistance phenotype. Most ACV-resistant mutants exhibit some reduction in their capacity to establish latency and to reactivate, as well as in their degree of neurovirulence in animal models of HSV infection. For instance, TK-negative HSV mutants establish latency with a lower efficiency than wild-type strains and reactivate poorly. DNA pol HSV mutants exhibit different degrees of attenuation of neurovirulence. The management of ACV- or PCV-resistant HSV infections includes the use of the pyrophosphate analogue foscarnet and the nucleotide analogue cidofovir. There is a need to develop new antiherpetic compounds with different mechanisms of action.
            Article 0 comments Cited 121 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Evolving epidemiology of HIV-associated malignancies.

              Meredith Shiels, Eric Engels (2017)
              The purpose of this review is to describe the epidemiology of cancers that occur at an elevated rate among people with HIV infection in the current treatment era, including discussion of the cause of these cancers, as well as changes in cancer incidence and burden over time.
              Article 0 comments Cited 82 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sarah J Coates: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation
                Kieron S Leslie: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – Review & Editing
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): F1000Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): F1000Res
                Journal ID (pmc): F1000Research
                Title: F1000Research
                Publisher: F1000 Research Limited (London, UK )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2046-1402
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 June 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: F1000 Faculty Rev-980
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, 1701 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
                Author notes

                No competing interests were disclosed.

                Article
                DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16182.1
                PMC ID: 6600856
                SO-VID: 59e43b7f-dfb9-4a79-a524-1efb35c6fb29
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2019 Coates SJ and Leslie KS
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date accepted : 19 June 2019
                Funding
                The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Articles

                Keywords: hiv,dermatology,nonmelanoma skin cancer,kaposi sarcoma,merkel cell carcinoma,syphilis,human papilloma virus,varicella zoster virus,herpes simplex virus,psoriasis,atopic dermatitis,prurigo nodularis,pruritus
                Data availability:
                Keywords: hiv, dermatology, nonmelanoma skin cancer, kaposi sarcoma, merkel cell carcinoma, syphilis, human papilloma virus, varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, prurigo nodularis, pruritus

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