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      Postmenopausal intestinal obstructive endometriosis: case report and review of the literature Translated title: Endometriose intestinal obstrutiva na pós-menopausa: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

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          Abstract

          CONTEXT: Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, which is commonly detected in gynecological practice but rarely reported as a coloproctological disorder. The objective of the present report was to discuss a rare case of postmenopausal intestinal endometriosis simulating a malignant lesion, following a review of the literature. CASE REPORT: A 74-year-old woman with complaints of hematochezia and tenesmus of two months' duration accompanied by liquid feces and pelvic pain, but with no other gastrointestinal or gynecological complaints, was referred to our service. She had been menopausal for 22 years, with no hormone replacement treatment, and had undergone panhysterectomy three years before the referral to us, due to endometrial thickening and a right adnexal cyst. Five months before this referral, she had undergone laparotomy due to acute obstructive abdomen, which revealed a tumor mass involving the small bowel. Anatomopathological examination of the enterectomy suggested a hypothesis of intestinal endometriosis. A proctological examination was normal. Computed tomography of the pelvis revealed thickening of the rectosigmoid transition and colonoscopy revealed friable tumor formation in the rectum. A biopsy of the lesion revealed mucosal fragments of endometrial type, which led to a review of the previous anatomopathological examination. The patient underwent rectosigmoidectomy with protective transversotomy, with a good postoperative course, and anatomical examination confirmed the intestinal endometriosis. The patient subsequently suffered a stenosing recurrence of the lesion and has undergone colostomy since then.

          Translated abstract

          CONTEXTO: A endometriose caracteriza-se pela presença de tecido endometrial fora da cavidade uterina, e a etiopatogenia ainda apresenta controvérsias. O objetivo desta publicação é apresentar e discutir, após revisão da literatura, um raro caso de endometriose intestinal na pós-menopausa que simulava uma lesão maligna. RELATO DE CASO: Mulher de 74 anos apresentou-se com queixas de hematoquezia e tenesmo há dois meses. Relatou também aparecimento de fezes líquidas e dor pélvica no mesmo período, negando outras queixas gastrointestinais ou ginecológicas. Como antecedentes de interesse, revelou que era menopausada há 22 anos, sem terapia de reposição hormonal e realizou uma pan-histerectomia há três anos por espessamento endometrial e cisto anexial direito. Há cinco meses foi submetida a laparotomia exploradora por abdome agudo obstrutivo, com o achado de uma massa tumoral envolvendo alças de delgado. O exame anatomopatológico da enterectomia sugeriu a hipótese de endometriose intestinal. O exame proctológico era normal. A tomografia computadorizada da pelve mostrou um espessamento da transição retossigmóide e a colonoscopia, uma tumoração friável e estenosante no reto alto. A biópsia da lesão revelou fragmentos de mucosa tipo endometrial, que motivou a revisão do anatomopatológico anterior. A paciente foi submetida a retossigmoidectomia abdominal com transversostomia protetora, tendo boa evolução no pós-operatório. O anatomopatológico confirmou endometriose intestinal. Evoluiu com recidiva estenosante da lesão e pemanece colostomizada desde então.

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          Bowel resection for intestinal endometriosis.

          The study contained herein was undertaken to evaluate which factors predict a good outcome following intestinal resection for endometriosis. A retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing bowel resection for severe (American Fertility Society Stage IV) endometriosis at one institution between the years 1992 and 1996 was conducted using systematic chart review and follow-up by telephone interview. Twenty-nine patients were identified within the study period. The most frequent symptoms were pelvic pain, abdominal pain, rectal pain, and dysmenorrhea. Nearly all patients (93 percent) underwent low anterior resection of the rectum and distal sigmoid. Other intestinal procedures were appendectomy, terminal ileal resection, cecectomy, and sigmoid resection. Thirty-four percent of patients had simultaneous total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy. Complete follow-up was obtained on 26 patients (90 percent; mean follow-up 22.6 (range, 8-63) months). All patients (100 percent) reported subjective improvement. Forty-six percent of patients were "cured" according to the prospectively applied definition (resolution of symptoms without need for further medical or surgical therapy). The only variable analyzed that was associated with "cure" was concomitant total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy (odds ratio, 12; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.8-81.7). This association remained significant after correcting for age and the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Intestinal resection can be performed safely in most women with severe endometriosis and bowel involvement, although many of these patients experience persistent or recurrent symptoms. Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy at the time of bowel resection correlates with improved outcome.
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            Endometriosis: interaction of immune and endocrine systems.

            Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Although no single theory can explain all cases of endometriosis, the most commonly accepted theory is Sampson's theory of retrograde menstruation. Retrograde menstruation occurs in 76 to 90% of women. The much lower prevalence of endometriosis suggests that additional factors determine susceptibility to endometriosis. Endometriosis is associated with changes in both cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Impaired natural killer cell activity resulting in inadequate removal of refluxed menstrual debris may play a role in the development of endometriotic implants. Moreover, although the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis contains increased numbers of immune cells, these seem to facilitate rather than inhibit the development of endometriosis. Macrophages that would be expected to clear endometrial cells from the peritoneal cavity appear to enhance their proliferation by secreting growth factors and cytokines. Although it is unclear whether these immunologic alterations induce endometriosis or are a consequence of its presence, they appear to play an important role in allowing endometriosis implants to persist and progress and contribute to the development of associated infertility and pelvic pain. Danazol and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are commonly used for the medical treatment of endometriosis. These medications seem to down-regulate cellular and humoral immune responses concomitant with their effect on endometriotic implants. Immunomodulatory effects of danazol and GnRH agonists are likely to contribute to the observed clinical improvement associated with their use.
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              Histological classification of endometriosis as a predictor of response to treatment.

              To evaluate the usefulness of the histological classification of endometriosis in predicting responses to treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                spmj
                Sao Paulo Medical Journal
                Sao Paulo Med. J.
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                May 2008
                : 126
                : 3
                : 190-193
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto orgdiv2Department of Surgery and Anatomy
                Article
                S1516-31802008000300010 S1516-3180(08)12600310
                59c646b2-1f04-4e41-9ee3-ee8aa985feff

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 December 2007
                : 05 May 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 15, Pages: 4
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                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Case report

                Pós-menopausa,Postmenopause,Diagnosis,Surgery,Endometriosis,Intestines,Intestinos,Endometriose,Cirurgia,Diagnóstico

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