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      A simple technique for morphological measurement of cerebral arterial circle variations using public domain software (Osiris)

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          Abstract

          This article describes a straightforward method to measure the dimensions and identify morphological variations in the cerebral arterial circle using the general-purpose software program Osiris. This user-friendly and portable program displays, manipulates, and analyzes medical digital images, and it has the capability to determine morphometric properties of selected blood vessels (or other anatomical structures) in humans and animals. To ascertain morphometric variations in the cerebral arterial circle, 132 brains of recently deceased fetuses, infants, and adults were dissected. The dissection procedure was first digitized, and then the dimensions were measured with Osiris software. Measurements of each vessel's length and external diameters were used to identify and classify morphological variations in the cerebral arterial circle. The most commonly observed anatomical variations were uni- and bilateral hypoplasia of the posterior communicating artery. This study demonstrates that public domain software can be used to measure and classify cerebral arterial circle vessels. This method could be extended to examine other anatomical regions or to study other animals. Additionally, knowledge of variations within the circle could be applied clinically to enhance diagnostic and treatment specificity.

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          Microsurgical anatomy of the upper basilar artery and the posterior circle of Willis.

          William A Rhoton, N Saeki (1977)
          The microvascular anatomy of the posterior part of the circle of Willis, important in surgery of pituitary tumors and basilar aneurysms, was defined in 50 cadaver brains. Significant findings were as follows: 1) Anomalies of the posterior half of the circle of Willis were found in 46% of cases. 2) Hypoplastic P-1 (posterior cerebral segment) and posterior communicating segments gave origin to the same number and size of perforating arteries, having the same termination as normal-sized segments. Thus hypoplastic segments should be handled with care and divided to aid in exposure of the basilar bifurcation only after careful consideration. 3) An average of four perforating branches arose from P-1; most from the superior and posterior sufaces. No branches arose from the anterior surface of the basilar bifurcation. The most proximal P-1 branch originated 2 to 3 mm distal to the basilar bifurcation. It was most commonly a thalamoperforating artery. The largest P-1 branch was usually a thalamoperforating or a posterior choroidal artery. 4) An average of seven branches emerged from the superior and lateral surfaces of the posterior communicating artery. The anterior half was a richer source of perforators than the posterior half. The largest communicating branch in 80% of specimens supplied the premamillary area. 5) The anterior choroidal artery originated from the carotid artery on both sides in all cases. A double anterior choroidal artery was present in 4% of cases.
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            The supratentorial arteries.

            Albert L Rhoton (2002)
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              Are the distributions of variations of circle of Willis different in different populations? – Results of an anatomical study and review of literature

              Behzad Eftekhar, Majid Dadmehr, Saeed Ansari … (2006)
              Background Previous studies have proposed correlation between variants of the cerebral arterial circle (also known as circle of Willis) and some cerebrovascular diseases. Differences in the incidence of these diseases in different populations have also been investigated. The study of variations in the anatomy of the cerebral arterial circle may partially explain differences in the incidence of some of the cerebrovascular diseases in different ethnic or racial groups. While many studies have investigated the variations in the anatomy of each segment of the cerebral arterial circle, few have addressed the variants of the cerebral arterial circle as a whole. Similarly, the frequency of occurrence of such variants in different ethnic or racial groups has not been compared. Methods 102 brains of recently deceased Iranian males were dissected, in order to observe variations in the anatomy of the cerebral arterial circle. The dissection process was recorded on film and digitized. One resized picture from each dissection, showing complete circle has been made available online. The variations of the circle as whole and segmental variations were compared with previous studies. Results On the whole, the frequencies of the different variants of the entire cerebral arterial circle and segmental variations were comparable with previous studies. More specifically variants with uni- and bilateral hypoplasia of posterior communicating arteries were the most common in our study, similar to the previous works. No hypoplasia of the precommunicating part of the left anterior cerebral artery (A1), aplasia of A1 or the precommunicating part of the posterior cerebral artery (P1) was seen. In 3% both right and left posterior communcating arteries were absent. Conclusion The anatomical variations found in the cerebral arterial circle of the Iranian males in the current study were not significantly different to those of more diverse populations reported in the literature. While taking into account potential confounding factors, the authors conclude that based on available studies, there is no evidence suggesting that the distributions of the variations of cerebral arterial circle differ in different populations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Anat Cell Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ACB
                Title: Anatomy & Cell Biology
                Publisher: Korean Association of Anatomists
                ISSN (Print): 2093-3665
                ISSN (Electronic): 2093-3673
                Publication date (Print): December 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 December 2011
                Volume: 44
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 324-330
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
                [2 ]Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
                [3 ]Department of Neurosurgery, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand.
                [4 ]Department of Anatomical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Saeed Ansari. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 100 S. Newell Drive, Bldg. 59, L2-100, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Tel: +1-352-870-5314, Fax: +1-352-292-8413, saeed.ansari@ 123456neurosurgery.ufl.edu
                Article
                DOI: 10.5115/acb.2011.44.4.324
                PMC ID: 3254886
                PubMed ID: 22254161
                SO-VID: 59b3eabf-559d-4e3a-830f-f77e28c24e4f
                Copyright © Copyright © 2011. Anatomy & Cell Biology
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 07 June 2011
                Date revision received : 26 September 2011
                Date accepted : 07 November 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Subject: Neurobiology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cell biology
                Keywords: cerebral arterial circle,anatomy,methods,anatomical variation,circle of willis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cell biology
                Keywords: cerebral arterial circle, anatomy, methods, anatomical variation, circle of willis

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