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      Effects of dietary organic acids and probiotics on laying performance, egg quality, serum antioxidants and expressions of reproductive genes of laying ducks in the late phase of production

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      Poultry Science
      Elsevier
      laying ducks, organic acids, probiotics, egg quality, antioxidant capacity

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          Abstract

          Five hundred and forty Cheery Valley ducks were used to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of acidifier and compound probiotics, individually or in combination, on production performance, egg quality, immune and oxidative status, expression of reproductive, and calcium binding related genes from 42 wk to 48 wk of age. Ducks were randomly allocated to 9 treatment groups with 6 replicates and 10 ducks per replicate for each group. A 3 × 3 factorial arrangement, with 3 dietary inclusion levels of acidifier and probiotics (0, 2, and 3 g/kg acidifier; 0, 1, and 2 g/kg probiotics) were used. The acidifier used was mainly consisted of Benzoic acid, Fumaric acid, phosphoric acid, and formic acid. The main components of the probiotics were Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium butyricum. Dietary supplementation of probiotics improved the daily feed intake, egg production rate, and body weight of ducks ( P < 0.05), and diet acidifier also increased the daily feed intake compared to the control ( P < 0.01). Egg quality was improved by diet inclusion of probiotics, including Haugh unit, albumen height, egg shape index ( P < 0.01), and eggshell hardness ( P = 0.05). A significant increase in Haught unit and yolk weight was observed in ducks fed diet added with acidifier ( P < 0.05). Acidifier supplementation reduced the total antioxidant capacity ( T-AOC), immunoglobulin A ( IgA), and IgG content and the catalase ( CAT) activity in the serum ( P < 0.05), in accompanied with an increased malondialdehyde ( MDA) concentration ( P < 0.05). Serum total superoxide dismutase ( T-SOD) activities were improved by dietary inclusion of probiotics ( P < 0.05). There was an interaction effects on serum IgA and IgG contents between acidifier and probiotics ( P < 0.05). Diet supplementation of probiotics improved the ovary follicle-stimulating hormone receptor ( FSHR) and estrogen receptor ( ER) gene expressions ( P < 0.01), while dietary acidifier reduced the transcription levels of FSHR and luteinizing hormone receptor ( LHR) ( P < 0.01) in ovary. In the uterus of the oviduct, expressions of FSHR, and carbonic anhydrase 2 ( CA2) were also increased by diet probiotics ( P < 0.01), and diet acidifier reduced the gene expressions of calbindin-D28k ( CaBP-D28k) and CA2 ( P < 0.05). Significant interaction effects between diet acidifier and probiotics were obtained on gene expressions of FSHR, LHR, and ovalbumin ( OVAL) in the ovary ( P < 0.05), and LHR, CaBP-D28k, and CA2 ( P < 0.05) in the uterus. It can be concluded that production performance and egg quality of laying ducks can be improved in the late phase of reproduction by dietary inclusion of probiotics, while the organic acid mixture caused a decline in serum antioxidant and immune capacity of the ducks.

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          The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative PCR experiments are absolute quantification and relative quantification. Absolute quantification determines the input copy number, usually by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. Relative quantification relates the PCR signal of the target transcript in a treatment group to that of another sample such as an untreated control. The 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method is a convenient way to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments. The purpose of this report is to present the derivation, assumptions, and applications of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. In addition, we present the derivation and applications of two variations of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method that may be useful in the analysis of real-time, quantitative PCR data. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science (USA).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Poult Sci
                Poult Sci
                Poultry Science
                Elsevier
                0032-5791
                1525-3171
                15 September 2022
                December 2022
                15 September 2022
                : 101
                : 12
                : 102189
                Affiliations
                [0001]College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
                Author notes
                [1 ]Corresponding author: 1997010052@ 123456jsahvc.edu.cn
                Article
                S0032-5791(22)00478-3 102189
                10.1016/j.psj.2022.102189
                9576561
                36240638
                59703f5c-34a4-4ffe-8b8c-50cd95e04625
                © 2022 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 8 June 2022
                : 12 September 2022
                Categories
                MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION

                laying ducks,organic acids,probiotics,egg quality,antioxidant capacity

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