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      Molecular and Environmental Regulation of Root Development

      Author(s): 1 , 2 ,   1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 2
      Publication date Created:
      Publication date (Print):
      Journal: Annual Review of Plant Biology
      Publisher: Annual Reviews

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          Abstract

          In order to optimally establish their root systems, plants are endowed with several mechanisms to use at distinct steps during their development. In this review, we zoom in on the major processes involved in root development and detail important new insights that have been generated in recent studies, mainly using the Arabidopsis root as a model. First, we discuss new insights in primary root development with the characterization of tissue-specific transcription factor complexes and the identification of non-cell-autonomous control mechanisms in the root apical meristem. Next, root branching is discussed by focusing on the earliest steps in the development of a new lateral root and control of its postemergence growth. Finally, we discuss the impact of phosphate, nitrogen, and water availability on root development and summarize current knowledge about the major molecular mechanisms involved.

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          The PIN auxin efflux facilitator network controls growth and patterning in Arabidopsis roots.

          Ikram Blilou, Jian Xu, Marjolein Wildwater … (2005)
          Local accumulation of the plant growth regulator auxin mediates pattern formation in Arabidopsis roots and influences outgrowth and development of lateral root- and shoot-derived primordia. However, it has remained unclear how auxin can simultaneously regulate patterning and organ outgrowth and how its distribution is stabilized in a primordium-specific manner. Here we show that five PIN genes collectively control auxin distribution to regulate cell division and cell expansion in the primary root. Furthermore, the joint action of these genes has an important role in pattern formation by focusing the auxin maximum and restricting the expression domain of PLETHORA (PLT) genes, major determinants for root stem cell specification. In turn, PLT genes are required for PIN gene transcription to stabilize the auxin maximum at the distal root tip. Our data reveal an interaction network of auxin transport facilitators and root fate determinants that control patterning and growth of the root primordium.
          Article 0 comments Cited 521 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Control of root system architecture by DEEPER ROOTING 1 increases rice yield under drought conditions.

            Yusaku Uga, Kazuhiko Sugimoto, Satoshi Ogawa … (2013)
            The genetic improvement of drought resistance is essential for stable and adequate crop production in drought-prone areas. Here we demonstrate that alteration of root system architecture improves drought avoidance through the cloning and characterization of DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1), a rice quantitative trait locus controlling root growth angle. DRO1 is negatively regulated by auxin and is involved in cell elongation in the root tip that causes asymmetric root growth and downward bending of the root in response to gravity. Higher expression of DRO1 increases the root growth angle, whereby roots grow in a more downward direction. Introducing DRO1 into a shallow-rooting rice cultivar by backcrossing enabled the resulting line to avoid drought by increasing deep rooting, which maintained high yield performance under drought conditions relative to the recipient cultivar. Our experiments suggest that control of root system architecture will contribute to drought avoidance in crops.
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              Steep, cheap and deep: an ideotype to optimize water and N acquisition by maize root systems.

              Jonathan Lynch (2013)
              A hypothetical ideotype is presented to optimize water and N acquisition by maize root systems. The overall premise is that soil resource acquisition is optimized by the coincidence of root foraging and resource availability in time and space. Since water and nitrate enter deeper soil strata over time and are initially depleted in surface soil strata, root systems with rapid exploitation of deep soil would optimize water and N capture in most maize production environments. • THE IDEOTYPE: Specific phenes that may contribute to rooting depth in maize include (a) a large diameter primary root with few but long laterals and tolerance of cold soil temperatures, (b) many seminal roots with shallow growth angles, small diameter, many laterals, and long root hairs, or as an alternative, an intermediate number of seminal roots with steep growth angles, large diameter, and few laterals coupled with abundant lateral branching of the initial crown roots, (c) an intermediate number of crown roots with steep growth angles, and few but long laterals, (d) one whorl of brace roots of high occupancy, having a growth angle that is slightly shallower than the growth angle for crown roots, with few but long laterals, (e) low cortical respiratory burden created by abundant cortical aerenchyma, large cortical cell size, an optimal number of cells per cortical file, and accelerated cortical senescence, (f) unresponsiveness of lateral branching to localized resource availability, and (g) low K(m) and high Vmax for nitrate uptake. Some elements of this ideotype have experimental support, others are hypothetical. Despite differences in N distribution between low-input and commercial maize production, this ideotype is applicable to low-input systems because of the importance of deep rooting for water acquisition. Many features of this ideotype are relevant to other cereal root systems and more generally to root systems of dicotyledonous crops.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Annual Review of Plant Biology
                Abbreviated Title: Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.
                Publisher: Annual Reviews
                ISSN (Print): 1543-5008
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-2123
                Publication date Created: April 29 2019
                Publication date (Print): April 29 2019
                Volume: 70
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 465-488
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
                [2 ]Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
                [3 ]Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
                Article
                DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100423
                PubMed ID: 30822115
                SO-VID: 58e6c0e5-febb-4d5b-a874-50e4cf61f8bc
                Copyright © © 2019
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