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      Genes involucrados en la patogénesis, persistencia y excreción de Salmonella en modelos animales Translated title: Genes involved in pathogenesis, persistence, and excretion of Salmonella in animal models Translated title: Genes envueltos em patogênese, persistencia e excreção de Salmonella em modelos animais

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          Abstract

          Las enfermedades infecciosas pueden ser estudiadas desde diferentes puntos de vista, por ejemplo, el aspecto epidemiológico global o bien el que detalla las interacciones entre el agente patógeno y la célula hospedero. Para tener un entendimiento completo, resulta necesario, por lo tanto, integrar la información de todos los puntos de vista, conformando un modelo coherente que explique completamente el proceso de enfermedad. El seguimiento de las infecciones in vivo ha sido estudiada principalmente en modelos murinos, los cuales ofrecen la posibilidad de manipulación genética tanto en las bacterias como en el hospedero, variando de esta manera la severidad de la enfermedad y facilitando la evaluación de su comportamiento. Los parámetros epidemiológicos o anatomopatológicos, tales como mortalidad, semiología clínica, evidencias bacterianas en tejidos, cambios histopatólogicos, patrones de excreción, producción de mediadores inmunes y fluctuaciones y cambios fenotípicos en poblaciones celulares, han sido ampliamente utilizados para el análisis descriptivo de la patogenia de las infecciones in vivo. De cualquier forma, los puntos clave, como patrones espaciotemporales de diseminación en tejidos, y sitios anatómicos de persistencia microbiana, no han sido profundamente estudiados, a pesar de la importancia que esto implica en el desarrollo de políticas de intervención sanitaria. Esta revisión pretende dar un amplio panorama sobre las bases moleculares asociadas a la infección por Salmonella en modelos murinos, así como en otros modelos animales experimentales, considerado desde el nivel celular, localización, diseminación y distribución de la bacteria en órganos y rescatando aquellas condiciones especiales que promueven su permanencia y excreción en el organismo animal asintomático. Se pretende abordar este proceso infeccioso desde una visión que oriente hacia un mejor entendimiento, de tal manera que, una reevaluación integral del comportamiento del agente patógeno, permitirá el establecimiento de programas de medicina preventiva tanto en seres humanos como en animales domésticos o silvestres.

          Translated abstract

          Infectious diseases can be studied from different perspectives; from the global epidemiology to the detailed interactions between the pathogen and the host cell. Central to a complete understanding of any disease is the ability to integrate information from different points of view into a coherent model that fully explains the disease process. In vivo infections have been studied mainly in murine models, in which the possibility of genetically manipulating either the bacterium or the host allows variations in the severity of the host–pathogen combination and facilitates the evaluation of individual bacterial and host traits. Gross parameters, such as host mortality, clinical signs, overall bacterial numbers in the tissues, pathological changes, shedding patterns, production of immune mediators, as well as fluctuations and phenotypic profiles of cell populations have been widely used in the descriptive analysis of in vivo infection pathogenesis. However, key factors, such as bacterial location, spatiotemporal patterns of spread and tissue distribution, as well as sites of microbial persistence, have not been sufficiently studied despite their importance in terms of targeted medical intervention. This review aims to give a broad overview of the molecular basis associated with Salmonella infection in murine and other experimental animal models, focusing on organ location, and bacteria spread and distribution. The special conditions that promote bacteria retention and excretion in asymptomatic animals are also highlighted. It aims to gain a better understanding of the infectious process, so that comprehensive reassessment of pathogen behavior allow the establishment of preventive medicine programs in both humans and domestic or wild animals.

          Translated abstract

          As doenças infecciosas podem ser estudadas desde diferentes pontos de vista, como por exemplo: o aspecto epidemiológico global ou as interacções entre o agente patogênico e a célula hospedeira. Para ter um entendimento completo, é necessário, integrar a informação de todos os pontos de vista, formando um modelo coerente e que explique completamente o processo de a doença. Geralmente os modelos das infecções in vivo são estudados principalmente em modelos murinos, os quais oferecem a possibilidade de manipulação genética, tanto nas bactérias como no hospedeiro, variando desta maneira a severidade da doença e facilitando a avaliação de seu comportamento. Os parâmetros epidemiológicos ou anatomopatológicos como: mortalidade, semiología clínica, evidências bacterianas em tecidos, mudanças histopatólogicos, padrões de excrecão, produção de mediadores imunes, flutuações e mudanças fenotípicos em populações celulares foram amplamente utilizados para a análise descritiva da patogenia das infecçõesin vivo. De qualquer forma, os pontos chaves como padrões espaco-temporais de disseminacão em tecidos, e lugares anatômicos de persistencia microbiana não foram profundamente estudados, apesar da importância que isto implica no desenvolvimento de políticas de intervenção sanitária. Esta revisão tem como objetivo dar um amplo panorama sobre as bases moleculares da infecção por Salmonella em modelos murinos, bem como, em outros modelos animais experimentais, considerando desde o nível celular, localização, diseminação e distribuição da bactéria em órgãos e demonstrando as aquelas condições especiais que promovem sua permanência e excreção no organismo animal assintomático. O processo infeccioso foi abordado de maneira que proponha um melhor entedimento do mesmo, uma reavaliação integral do comportamento do agente patogénico que permita o estabelecimento de programas de medicina preventiva, tanto em seres humanos, como em animais domésticos ou silvestres.

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          Most cited references65

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          Thin aggregative fimbriae and cellulose enhance long-term survival and persistence of Salmonella.

          Salmonella spp. are environmentally persistent pathogens that have served as one of the important models for understanding how bacteria adapt to stressful conditions. However, it remains poorly understood how they survive extreme conditions encountered outside their hosts. Here we show that the rdar morphotype, a multicellular phenotype characterized by fimbria- and cellulose-mediated colony pattern formation, enhances the resistance of Salmonella to desiccation. When colonies were stored on plastic for several months in the absence of exogenous nutrients, survival of wild-type cells was increased compared to mutants deficient in fimbriae and/or cellulose production. Differences between strains were further highlighted upon exposure to sodium hypochlorite, as cellulose-deficient strains were 1,000-fold more susceptible. Measurements of gene expression using luciferase reporters indicated that production of thin aggregative fimbriae (Tafi) may initiate formation of colony surface patterns characteristic of the rdar morphotype. We hypothesize that Tafi play a role in the organization of different components of the extracellular matrix. Conservation of the rdar morphotype among pathogenic S. enterica isolates and the survival advantages that it provides collectively suggest that this phenotype could play a role in the transmission of Salmonella between hosts.
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            Cell-to-cell signalling in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica.

            Cell-to-cell signalling in prokaryotes that leads to co-ordinated behaviour has been termed quorum sensing. This type of signalling can have profound impacts on microbial community structure and host-microbe interactions. The Gram-negative quorum-sensing systems were first discovered and extensively characterized in the marine Vibrios. Some components of the Vibrio systems are present in the classical genetic model organisms Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Both organisms encode a signal receptor of the LuxR family, SdiA, but not a corresponding signal-generating enzyme. Instead, SdiA of Salmonella detects and responds to signals generated only by other microbial species. Conversely, E. coli and Salmonella encode the signal-generating component of a second system (a LuxS homologue that generates AI-2), but the sensory apparatus for AI-2 differs substantially from the Vibrio system. The only genes currently known to be regulated by AI-2 in Salmonella encode an active uptake and modification system for AI-2. Therefore, it is not yet clear whether Salmonella uses AI-2 as a signal molecule or whether AI-2 has some other function. In E. coli, the functions of both SdiA and AI-2 are unclear due to pleiotropy. Genetic strategies to identify novel signalling systems have been performed with E. coli and Providencia stuartii. Several putative signalling systems have been identified, one that uses indole as a signal and another that releases what appears to be a peptide. The latter system has homologues in E. coli and Salmonella, as well as other bacteria, plants and animals. In fact, the protease components from Providencia and Drosophila are functionally interchangeable.
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              Identification of host-specific colonization factors of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.

              The severity of infections caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium varies depending on the host species. Numerous virulence genes have been identified in S. Typhimurium, largely from studies in mice, but their roles in infections of other species remain unclear. In the most comprehensive survey of its kind, through the use of signature-tagged mutagenesis of S. Typhimurium we have identified mutants that were unable to colonize calf intestines, mutants unable to colonize chick intestines and mutants unable to colonize both species. The type three secretion systems encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) 1 and 2 were required for efficient colonization of cattle. However, disruption of these secretion systems only caused a minor defect in S. Typhimurium colonization of chicks. Transposon insertions in SPI-4 compromised S. Typhimurium colonization of cattle, but not chicks. This is the first data confirming a role for SPI-4 in pathogenesis. We have also been able to ascribe a role in colonization for cell surface polysaccharides, cell envelope proteins, and many 'housekeeping' genes and genes of unknown function. We conclude that S. Typhimurium uses different strategies to colonize calves and chicks. This has major implications for vaccine design.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rccp
                Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias
                Rev Colom Cienc Pecua
                Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín )
                0120-0690
                March 2012
                : 25
                : 1
                : 107-122
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Mexico
                [2 ] Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Mexico
                Article
                S0120-06902012000100013
                58bebca4-da7c-4678-b801-8f343bc3cbd0

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-0690&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

                Animal agriculture
                animal models,genes,pathogenesis,modelos animais,patogênese,Salmonella,modelos animales,patogénesis

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