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      Integration of postpartum care into child health and immunization services in Burkina Faso: findings from a cross-sectional study

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          Abstract

          Background

          The Missed Opportunities for Maternal and Infant Health (MOMI) project, which aimed at upgrading maternal and infant postpartum care (PPC), implemented a package of interventions including the integration of maternal PPC in infant immunization services in 12 health facilities in Kaya Health district in Burkina Faso from 2013 to 2015. This paper assesses the coverage and the quality of combined mother-infant PPC in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services (RMNCH).

          Methods

          We conducted a mixed methods study with cross-sectional surveys before and after the intervention in the Kaya health and demographic surveillance system. On the quantitative side, two household surveys were performed in 2012 ( N = 757) and in 2014 ( N = 754) among mothers within one year postpartum. The analysis examines the result of the intervention by the date of delivery at three key time points in the PPC schedule: the first 48 h, days 6–10 and during weeks 6–8 and beyond. On the qualitative side, in depth interviews, focus group discussions and observations were conducted in four health facilities in 2012 and 2015. They involved mothers in the postpartum period, facility and community health workers, and other stakeholders. We performed a descriptive analysis and a two-sample test of proportions of the quantitative data. The qualitative data were recorded, transcribed and analysed along the themes relevant for the intervention.

          Results

          The findings show that the WHO guidelines, in terms of content and improvement of maternal PPC, were followed for physical examinations and consultations. They also show a significant increase in the coverage of maternal PPC services from 50% (372/752) before the intervention to 81% (544/672) one year after the start of the intervention. However, more women were assessed at days 6–10 than at later visits. Integration of maternal PPC was low, with little improvements in history taking and physical examination of mothers in immunization services. While health workers are polyvalent, difficulties in restructuring and organizing services hindered the integration.

          Conclusion

          Unless a comprehensive strategy of integration within RMNCH services is implemented to address the primary health care challenges within the health system, integration will not yield the desired results.

          Résumé

          Contexte

          Le projet de recherche MOMI sur les opportunités manquées pour la santé de la mère et de l’enfant, qui avait pour but d’améliorer les soins postpartum (SPP) de la mère et de l’enfant, a mis en œuvre un paquet d’interventions, incluant l’intégration des SPP maternels dans les services de vaccination infantile dans 12 formations sanitaires du district sanitaire de Kaya au Burkina Faso de 2013 à 2015. Cet article évalue l’utilisation et la qualité des SPP du couple mère-enfant dans les services de santé reproductive, maternelle, néonatale et infantile (SRMNI).

          Méthodes

          Nous avons effectué des enquêtes transversales avec des méthodes mixtes avant et après l’intervention dans le site de surveillance démographique de Kaya. Deux enquêtes ménages ont été réalisées en 2012 ( N = 757) et en 2014 ( N = 754) auprès des mères au cours de l’année suivant l’accouchement. L’intervention est évaluée en fonction de la date d’accouchement: premières 48 heures, jours 6–10 et semaines 6–8 et plus. Des entretiens approfondis, des discussions de groupe et des observations ont été menés dans quatre formations sanitaires en 2012 et 2015. Nous avons effectué une analyse descriptive et un test des proportions à deux échantillons des données quantitatives et une analyse du contenu des données qualitatives.

          Résultats

          Les résultats montrent que les directives de l’OMS, en termes de contenu et d’amélioration des SPP maternels, ont été suivies pour l’administration d’examens physiques et de conseils. Ils montrent également une augmentation significative de la couverture des SPP maternels de 50% (372/752) avant l’intervention à 81% (544/672) un an après le début de l’intervention. Cependant, plus de femmes ont été examinées aux jours 6–10 que lors de visites ultérieures. L’intégration des SPP maternels dans les services de vaccination était faible, avec peu d’amélioration de l’historique médicale et de l’examen physique. Bien que les agents de santé soient polyvalents, des difficultés de restructuration et d’organisation des services ont entravé l’intégration.

          Conclusion

          L’intégration ne produira les résultats escomptés que si une stratégie globale d’intégration au sein des services de SRMNI est mise en œuvre pour relever les défis des soins de santé primaires dans le système de santé.

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          Most cited references21

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          Beyond too little, too late and too much, too soon: a pathway towards evidence-based, respectful maternity care worldwide.

          On the continuum of maternal health care, two extreme situations exist: too little, too late (TLTL) and too much, too soon (TMTS). TLTL describes care with inadequate resources, below evidence-based standards, or care withheld or unavailable until too late to help. TLTL is an underlying problem associated with high maternal mortality and morbidity. TMTS describes the routine over-medicalisation of normal pregnancy and birth. TMTS includes unnecessary use of non-evidence-based interventions, as well as use of interventions that can be life saving when used appropriately, but harmful when applied routinely or overused. As facility births increase, so does the recognition that TMTS causes harm and increases health costs, and often concentrates disrespect and abuse. Although TMTS is typically ascribed to high-income countries and TLTL to low-income and middle-income ones, social and health inequities mean these extremes coexist in many countries. A global approach to quality and equitable maternal health, supporting the implementation of respectful, evidence-based care for all, is urgently needed. We present a systematic review of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for routine antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care, categorising them as recommended, recommended only for clinical indications, and not recommended. We also present prevalence data from middle-income countries for specific clinical practices, which demonstrate TLTL and increasing TMTS. Health-care providers and health systems need to ensure that all women receive high-quality, evidence-based, equitable and respectful care. The right amount of care needs to be offered at the right time, and delivered in a manner that respects, protects, and promotes human rights.
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            A systematic review of the evidence on integration of targeted health interventions into health systems.

            A longstanding debate on health systems organization relates to benefits of integrating health programmes that emphasize specific interventions into mainstream health systems to increase access and improve health outcomes. This debate has long been characterized by polarization of views and ideologies, with protagonists for and against integration arguing the relative merits of each approach. However, all too frequently these arguments have not been based on hard evidence. The presence of both integrated and non-integrated programmes in many countries suggests there may be benefits to either approach, but the relative merits of integration in various contexts and for different interventions have not been systematically analysed and documented. In this paper we present findings of a systematic review that explores a broad range of evidence on: (i) the extent and nature of the integration of targeted health programmes that emphasize specific interventions into critical health systems functions, (ii) how the integration or non-integration of health programmes into critical health systems functions in different contexts has influenced programme success, (iii) how contextual factors have affected the extent to which these programmes were integrated into critical health systems functions. Our analysis shows few instances where there is full integration of a health intervention or where an intervention is completely non-integrated. Instead, there exists a highly heterogeneous picture both for the nature and also for the extent of integration. Health systems combine both non-integrated and integrated interventions, but the balance of these interventions varies considerably.
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              Next generation maternal health: external shocks and health-system innovations.

              In this Series we document the substantial progress in the reduction of maternal mortality and discuss the current state of science in reducing maternal mortality. However, maternal health is also powerfully influenced by the structures and resources of societies, communities, and health systems. We discuss the shocks from outside of the field of maternal health that will influence maternal survival including economic growth in low-income and middle-income countries, urbanisation, and health crises due to disease outbreaks, extreme weather, and conflict. Policy and technological innovations, such as universal health coverage, behavioural economics, mobile health, and the data revolution, are changing health systems and ushering in new approaches to affect the health of mothers. Research and policy will need to reflect the changing maternal health landscape.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +226 70138604 , belemsagadanielle@yahoo.fr , dbelemsaga@irss.bf
                Anne.Goujon@oeaw.ac.at
                arbado@gmail.com
                senikouanda@gmail.com
                elsepco@hotmail.com
                marleen.temmerman@ugent.be , marleen.temmerman@aku.edu
                Olivier.Degomme@ugent.be
                Journal
                Reprod Health
                Reprod Health
                Reproductive Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1742-4755
                11 October 2018
                11 October 2018
                2018
                : 15
                : 171
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0564 0509, GRID grid.457337.1, Département Biomédical et santé publique, , Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), ; 03 B.P 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1177 4763, GRID grid.15788.33, Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/OAW, WU), ; Vienna, Austria
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2069 7798, GRID grid.5342.0, International Centre for Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Uro-Gynaecology, , Ghent University, ; Ghent, Belgium
                [4 ]African Institute of Public Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
                [5 ]GRID grid.470490.e, Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, , Aga Khan University, ; Nairobi, Kenya
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2883-2522
                Article
                602
                10.1186/s12978-018-0602-8
                6180606
                30305123
                588ed2ff-ebe6-4b92-b4b8-bff8bb704be6
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 21 March 2018
                : 11 September 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: European Community seventh framework programme
                Award ID: FP7/2007-2013 (265448)
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Obstetrics & Gynecology
                postpartum,maternal and infant health,integration of services,burkina faso

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