Secondary metabolites in host pears defense against two fruit borers and cytochrome-P450-mediated counter-defense

Summary

Herbivorous insects have evolved metabolic strategies to survive the challenges posed by plant secondary metabolites (SMs). This study reports an exploration of SMs present in pears, which serve as a defense against invasive Cydia pomonella and native Grapholita molesta and their counter-defense response. The feeding preferences of fruit borers are influenced by the softening of two pear varieties as they ripen. The content of SMs, such as quercetin and rutin, increases due to feeding by fruit borers. Notably, quercetin levels only increase after C. pomonella feeding. The consumption of SMs affects the growth of fruit borer population differently, potentially due to the activation of P450 genes by SMs. These two fruit borers are equipped with specific P450 enzymes that specialize in metabolizing quercetin and rutin, enabling them to adapt to these SMs in their host fruits. These findings provide valuable insights into the coevolution of plants and herbivorous insects.

Graphical abstract

Highlights

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  Content of quercetin in pears was induced by C. pomonella feeding

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  Quercetin affects the growth of C. pomonella and G. molesta populations

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  Cytochrome-P450-mediated counter-defense response of fruit borers to quercetin

Abstract

Plant biology; Interaction of plants with organisms; Plant physiology