Radiation Therapy for Sister Mary Joseph's Nodule: A Review

Abstract

Purpose

Umbilical metastasis, known as Sister Mary Joseph's nodule (SMJN), is a manifestation of advanced malignant disease. Patients with SMJN usually require supportive care or palliative systemic chemotherapy. However, with the increasing number of older and infirm patients, radiation therapy for SMJN is needed more frequently. Therefore, we conducted this review to provide insights into radiation treatment for this rare condition.

Methods and Materials

We searched PubMed on October 16, 2022, and obtained 275 articles that described SMJN or metastatic tumors within or near the umbilicus, as well as 255 case reports or case series (298 patients) and 20 reviews, original articles, or other study types, 1 of which also described a case.

Results

The prognosis of patients with SMJN is extremely poor. However, some patients can survive for more than 2 years. The primary organs of the umbilical metastasis are mainly in the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, colon, and pancreas. In addition to these organs, the ovaries, uterine corpus, and breasts are the major organs affected in women. Metastasis may be divided into 4 types according to the tumor location and mechanism of the extension: within the umbilicus, not within although existing near or adjacent to the umbilicus, in the umbilical or paraumbilical hernia sac, and iatrogenic disease. Only 7 reports described patients who received radiation therapy in detail. The patients were divided into 2 groups: a relatively long course and high total dose (approximately 45 Gy) group, and a short course and low total dose group.

Conclusions

Umbilical metastasis, known as SMJN, is a rare disease and is divided into 4 types based on the location of the disease and extent mechanism. Although the prognosis of the disease is poor, some patients survive for more than 2 years. Only 7 case reports precisely described radiation therapy. Half of the patients were treated with a short course, whereas the other half were treated with relatively high doses of up to 45 Gy.