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      Is Open Access

      The golden ratio—dispelling the myth

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Background

          The purpose of this article is to explore the claims often cited in scientific journals regarding the golden ratio, and its proposed link to beauty and idealized forms in nature, including idealized human proportions.

          Main body

          Claims made in the nineteenth century through to the modern day in the clinical literature do not appear to be supported by evidence.

          Short conclusions

          There is no convincing evidence that the golden ratio is linked to idealized human proportions or facial beauty. There is currently no evidence to support the use of the golden ratio in orthognathic or facial aesthetic/reconstructive surgical planning or analysis of results.

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          Most cited references30

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          Why most discovered true associations are inflated.

          John Ioannidis (2008)
          Newly discovered true (non-null) associations often have inflated effects compared with the true effect sizes. I discuss here the main reasons for this inflation. First, theoretical considerations prove that when true discovery is claimed based on crossing a threshold of statistical significance and the discovery study is underpowered, the observed effects are expected to be inflated. This has been demonstrated in various fields ranging from early stopped clinical trials to genome-wide associations. Second, flexible analyses coupled with selective reporting may inflate the published discovered effects. The vibration ratio (the ratio of the largest vs. smallest effect on the same association approached with different analytic choices) can be very large. Third, effects may be inflated at the stage of interpretation due to diverse conflicts of interest. Discovered effects are not always inflated, and under some circumstances may be deflated-for example, in the setting of late discovery of associations in sequentially accumulated overpowered evidence, in some types of misclassification from measurement error, and in conflicts causing reverse biases. Finally, I discuss potential approaches to this problem. These include being cautious about newly discovered effect sizes, considering some rational down-adjustment, using analytical methods that correct for the anticipated inflation, ignoring the magnitude of the effect (if not necessary), conducting large studies in the discovery phase, using strict protocols for analyses, pursuing complete and transparent reporting of all results, placing emphasis on replication, and being fair with interpretation of results.
          Article 0 comments Cited 195 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Negative results are disappearing from most disciplines and countries

            Daniele Fanelli (2012)
            Article 0 comments Cited 189 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Why Science Is Not Necessarily Self-Correcting.

              John Ioannidis (2012)
              The ability to self-correct is considered a hallmark of science. However, self-correction does not always happen to scientific evidence by default. The trajectory of scientific credibility can fluctuate over time, both for defined scientific fields and for science at-large. History suggests that major catastrophes in scientific credibility are unfortunately possible and the argument that "it is obvious that progress is made" is weak. Careful evaluation of the current status of credibility of various scientific fields is important in order to understand any credibility deficits and how one could obtain and establish more trustworthy results. Efficient and unbiased replication mechanisms are essential for maintaining high levels of scientific credibility. Depending on the types of results obtained in the discovery and replication phases, there are different paradigms of research: optimal, self-correcting, false nonreplication, and perpetuated fallacy. In the absence of replication efforts, one is left with unconfirmed (genuine) discoveries and unchallenged fallacies. In several fields of investigation, including many areas of psychological science, perpetuated and unchallenged fallacies may comprise the majority of the circulating evidence. I catalogue a number of impediments to self-correction that have been empirically studied in psychological science. Finally, I discuss some proposed solutions to promote sound replication practices enhancing the credibility of scientific results as well as some potential disadvantages of each of them. Any deviation from the principle that seeking the truth has priority over any other goals may be seriously damaging to the self-correcting functions of science.
              Article 0 comments Cited 151 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Farhad B. Naini:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1528-5304
                Farhad.Naini@yahoo.co.uk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg
                Title: Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
                Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore (Singapore )
                ISSN (Print): 2288-8101
                ISSN (Electronic): 2288-8586
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 January 2024
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 January 2024
                Publication date Collection: December 2024
                Volume: 46
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2
                Affiliations
                Kingston Hospital and Queen Mary’s Hospital, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, ( https://ror.org/01n0k5m85) Galsworthy Road, London, KT2 7QB UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1528-5304
                Article
                Publisher ID: 411
                DOI: 10.1186/s40902-024-00411-2
                PMC ID: 10792139
                PubMed ID: 38228978
                SO-VID: 56c10434-5b29-48b3-90b7-061fcf942578
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2024
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 24 November 2023
                Date accepted : 7 January 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Korean Association of Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons 2024

                Keywords: divine proportion,golden number,golden proportion,golden ratio,golden section
                Data availability:
                Keywords: divine proportion, golden number, golden proportion, golden ratio, golden section

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