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      Os dinossauros de Hennig: sobre a importância do monofiletismo para a sistemática biológica

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          Abstract

          A sistemática biológica é o ramo das ciências naturais que lida com a nomenclatura, descrição e organização da diversidade biológica em esquemas hierárquicos. Ela vem sendo desenvolvida desde os primeiros esforços humanos em direção à sumarização da informação biológica com vistas ao agrupamento dos organismos em classes, e à identificação, entre elas, de quais seriam entidades naturais. De Aristóteles a Hennig, muitas maneiras de sistematizar o conhecimento biológico foram propostas, com a intenção de delimitar e representar as afinidades naturais entre os organismos. Mesmo depois da teoria de Darwin-Wallace, a sistemática biológica apresentou poucas mudanças nos seus fundamentos, até os trabalhos do entomólogo alemão Willi Hennig. Ele introduziu um método que era tão objetivo e explícito quanto a fenética e profundamente conectado à perspectiva evolutiva darwiniana. A filogenética hennigiana visa à criação de um sistema classificatório de referências que reflita a evolução. Nesse sentido, Hennig propôs que apenas grupos monofiléticos são naturais, uma vez que eles seriam os únicos que realmente respeitam o conceito evolutivo da ancestralidade comum. Um grupo monofilético é definido como a reunião de todos os descendentes de um ancestral comum, este incluso. Baseado no reconhecimento dos grupos monofiléticos (naturais), a sistemática filogenética é uma poderosa ferramenta para reconstruir a evolução dos organismos a partir de critérios científicos e objetivos, auxiliando na solução do problema de sistematizar a informação biológica que tem preocupado o homem desde a aurora da linguagem.

          Translated abstract

          Biological systematics is the branch of natural sciences that deals with nomenclature, description, and organization of biological diversity in hierarchical schemes. It has been developed since the human first efforts toward the summarization of biological information in order to group organisms in classes, and to identify, among them, which ones are natural entities. From Aristotle to Hennig, many forms of systematizing the biological knowledge have been proposed, with the intention of delimiting and representing the natural affinities among organisms. Even after Darwin-Wallace's theory, biological systematics presented few changes in its foundations until the works of the German entomologist Willi Hennig. He introduced a method that was as objective and explicit as phenetics, and deeply connected to the Darwinian evolutionary perspective. Hennigian phylogenetics aims to create a classificatory reference system which reflects evolution. In this sense, Hennig proposed that only monophyletic groups are natural ones, since they were the unique that really respects the evolutionary concept of common descent. A monophyletic group is defined as the reunion of all descendants of a common ancestor, including it. Based on the recognition of monophyletic (natural) groups, the phylogenetic systematics is a powerful tool to reconstruct the evolution of the organisms with objective and scientific criteria, helping to solve the problem of systematizing the biological information that has worried mankind since the dawn of language.

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          Most cited references54

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          Phylogenetic Systematics

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            Principles of Animal Taxonomy

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              Diversification and extinction in the history of life

              M. Benton (1995)
              Analysis of the fossil record of microbes, algae, fungi, protists, plants, and animals shows that the diversity of both marine and continental life increased exponentially since the end of the Precambrian. This diversification was interrupted by mass extinctions, the largest of which occurred in the Early Cambrian, Late Ordovician, Late Devonian, Late Permian, Early Triassic, Late Triassic, and end-Cretaceous. Most of these extinctions were experienced by both marine and continental organisms. As for the periodicity of mass extinctions, no support was found: Seven mass extinction peaks in the last 250 million years are spaced 20 to 60 million years apart.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ss
                Scientiae Studia
                Sci. stud.
                Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Filosofia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1678-3166
                2316-8994
                June 2008
                : 6
                : 2
                : 179-200
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto orgdiv2Setor de Ecologia e Evolução
                Article
                S1678-31662008000200003 S1678-3166(08)00600203
                10.1590/S1678-31662008000200003
                55e532a8-dd92-4c33-8d39-7364e9477ae8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 57, Pages: 22
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                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
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                Sistemática,Cladística,Systematics,Monophyly,Phylogeny,Natural group,Hennig,Evolution,Darwin,Cladogram,Cladistics,Monofiletismo,Grupo natural,Filogenia,Evolução,Cladograma

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