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      Productividad interanual e interestacional de la biomasa aérea en la Chiquitanía transicional a la Amazonía (Guarayos, Bolivia) Translated title: Interseasonal and interannual productivity of above - ground biomass in a transition from Chiquitano to the Amazon (Guarayos, Bolivia)

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          Abstract

          Según investigaciones recientes, el cambio climático acentuará la estacionalidad con sequías prolongadas, lo cual repercutirá drásticamente sobre el almacenamiento de CO2 en los bosques amazónicos. Para determinar su impacto a menor escala, en el presente estudio se obtuvo los datos de densidad, altura total e incremento diamétrico mensual de árboles con DAP ≥ 10 cm en dos parcelas de 1 ha (100 x 100 m) en un bosque húmedo (BH) y bosque seco (BS) en Kenia, Guarayos (Santa Cruz, Bolivia). Estos datos se introdujeron a ecuaciones alométricas para estimar la biomasa y luego obtener la productividad de biomasa aérea (PBA), comparándola entre un año húmedo (2009) y uno seco (2010); asimismo se contrastó entre sus estaciones (húmeda, semiseca, seca, semihúmeda), además de analizar su relación con la precipitación pluvial y temperatura. La PBA interanual fue significativamente mayor en el año húmedo (BH = 40.16 kg/árbol/año; BS = 24.21 kg/árbol/año) respecto al año seco (BH = 35.97 kg/árbol/año; BS = 17.71 kg/árbol/año) (p < 0.05), mientras que la PBA interestacional fue mayor en la estación húmeda/2009 y la menor en la seca/2010, un escenario observado en ambos tipos de bosque. En cuanto a la relación de los factores climáticos con la PBA estacional, se evidenció que la precipitación pluvial tuvo una alta relación con la productividad (BH: r s = 0.91; p < 0.05); (BS: r s= 0.88; p < 0.05). Con lo que se deduce que los periodos con sequías prolongadas afectan significativamente la productividad de biomasa aérea, afirmándose que el clima juega un rol fundamental en la dinámica de estos bosques.

          Translated abstract

          Recent studies suggest that climate change will intensify seasonality resulting in prolonged droughts that may drastically reduce carbon storage in Amazonian forests. In order to determine drought impacts on a forest biomass at a local scale, this study allometric equations to estimate changes in tree and forest biomass based on wood density, tree height and monthly diameter growth of trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm in two plots of 1 ha (100 x 100 m) in a humid forest (BH) and a dry forest (BS) in Kenya, Guarayos (Santa Cruz, Bolivia). These estimates were used to compare biomass productivity (PBA) of a wet year (2009) and a dry one (2010). We also compared PBA among seasons (wet, semi-dry, dry, semi-wet seasons). The annual PBA was significantly higher during the wet year (BH = 40.16 kg/ tree/year; BS = 24.21 kg/tree/year) compared to the dry (BH = 35.97 kg/tree/year; BS = 17.71 kg/tree/year) (p < 0.05). Whereas for both types of forests the highest intraseasonal PBA was in the rainy season (2009) and the lowest in the dry one (2010). There were strong relationships between climatic factors with seasonal PBA, specifically, rainfall has a strong positive relationship with productivity BH (BH: r s = 0.91; p < 0.05); (BS: r s = 0.88; p < 0.05). We conclude that prolonged drought significantly reduces biomass productivity, and confirm that climate plays a fundamental role in the above-ground carbon dynamics of these forests.

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          Regional and phylogenetic variation of wood density across 2456 Neotropical tree species.

          Wood density is a crucial variable in carbon accounting programs of both secondary and old-growth tropical forests. It also is the best single descriptor of wood: it correlates with numerous morphological, mechanical, physiological, and ecological properties. To explore the extent to which wood density could be estimated for rare or poorly censused taxa, and possible sources of variation in this trait, we analyzed regional, taxonomic, and phylogenetic variation in wood density among 2456 tree species from Central and South America. Wood density varied over more than one order of magnitude across species, with an overall mean of 0.645 g/cm3. Our geographical analysis showed significant decreases in wood density with increasing altitude and significant differences among low-altitude geographical regions: wet forests of Central America and western Amazonia have significantly lower mean wood density than dry forests of Central and South America, eastern and central Amazonian forests, and the Atlantic forests of Brazil; and eastern Amazonian forests have lower wood densities than the dry forests and the Atlantic forest. A nested analysis of variance showed that 74% of the species-level wood density variation was explained at the genus level, 34% at the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) family level, and 19% at the APG order level. This indicates that genus-level means give reliable approximations of values of species, except in a few hypervariable genera. We also studied which evolutionary shifts in wood density occurred in the phylogeny of seed plants using a composite phylogenetic tree. Major changes were observed at deep nodes (Eurosid 1), and also in more recent divergences (for instance in the Rhamnoids, Simaroubaceae, and Anacardiaceae). Our unprecedented wood density data set yields consistent guidelines for estimating wood densities when species-level information is lacking and should significantly reduce error in Central and South American carbon accounting programs.
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            Changes in the carbon balance of tropical forests: evidence from long-term plots

            The role of the world's forests as a "sink" for atmospheric carbon dioxide is the subject of active debate. Long-term monitoring of plots in mature humid tropical forests concentrated in South America revealed that biomass gain by tree growth exceeded losses from tree death in 38 of 50 Neotropical sites. These forest plots have accumulated 0.71 ton, plus or minus 0.34 ton, of carbon per hectare per year in recent decades. The data suggest that Neotropical forests may be a significant carbon sink, reducing the rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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              Increasing biomass in Amazonian forest plots.

              A previous study by Phillips et al. of changes in the biomass of permanent sample plots in Amazonian forests was used to infer the presence of a regional carbon sink. However, these results generated a vigorous debate about sampling and methodological issues. Therefore we present a new analysis of biomass change in old-growth Amazonian forest plots using updated inventory data. We find that across 59 sites, the above-ground dry biomass in trees that are more than 10 cm in diameter (AGB) has increased since plot establishment by 1.22 +/- 0.43 Mg per hectare per year (ha(-1) yr(-1), where 1 ha = 10(4) m2), or 0.98 +/- 0.38 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) if individual plot values are weighted by the number of hectare years of monitoring. This significant increase is neither confounded by spatial or temporal variation in wood specific gravity, nor dependent on the allometric equation used to estimate AGB. The conclusion is also robust to uncertainty about diameter measurements for problematic trees: for 34 plots in western Amazon forests a significant increase in AGB is found even with a conservative assumption of zero growth for all trees where diameter measurements were made using optical methods and/or growth rates needed to be estimated following fieldwork. Overall, our results suggest a slightly greater rate of net stand-level change than was reported by Phillips et al. Considering the spatial and temporal scale of sampling and associated studies showing increases in forest growth and stem turnover, the results presented here suggest that the total biomass of these plots has on average increased and that there has been a regional-scale carbon sink in old-growth Amazonian forests during the previous two decades.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                reb
                Ecología en Bolivia
                Ecología en Bolivia
                Plural Editores (La Paz, , Bolivia )
                1605-2528
                2075-5023
                September 2014
                : 49
                : 2
                : 77-92
                Affiliations
                [01] Santa Cruz orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno orgdiv1Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado orgdiv2Herbario del Oriente Boliviano Bolivia erwinp1987@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1605-25282014000200004
                55e25dc4-a46d-43a0-ba47-7564bf2abbf1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 July 2014
                : 17 September 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Bolivia


                Bosques,Clima,Productividad de biomasa aérea (PBA),Secuestro de carbono,Above - ground biomass productivity (PBA),Climate,Forests,Carbon sequestration

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