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      Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ursolic Acid and Derivatives

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          Abstract

          Ursolic acid, an important bioactive compound, was isolated from ethanol extract of aerial parts of Sambucus australis. In order to develop bioactive ursolic acid derivatives, two semi-synthetic compounds were obtained through modification at C-3. The antibacterial activity of the ursolic acid and its derivatives was investigated. The microdilution method was used for determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), against twelve bacterial strains. The influence of ursolic acid and its derivatives on the susceptibility of some bacterial pathogens to the aminoglycosides antibiotics neomycin, amikacin, kanamycin and gentamicin was evaluated. The most representative synergistic effect was observed by 3β-formyloxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid at the concentration of 64 μg/mL in combination with kanamycin against Escherichia coli (27), a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate from sputum, with reduction of MIC value from 128 μg/mL to 8 μg/mL. Ursolic acid and its derivatives were examined for their radical scavenger activity using the DPPH assay, and showed significant activity.

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          Ursolic acid in cancer prevention and treatment: molecular targets, pharmacokinetics and clinical studies.

          Muthu Shanmugam, Xiaoyun Dai, Alan Kumar … (2013)
          Discovery of bioactive molecules and elucidation of their molecular mechanisms open up an enormous opportunity for the development of improved therapy for different inflammatory diseases, including cancer. Triterpenoids isolated several decades ago from various medicinal plants now seem to have a prominent role in the prevention and therapy of a variety of ailments and some have already entered Phase I clinical trials. One such important and highly investigated pentacyclic triterpenoid, ursolic acid has attracted great attention of late for its potential as a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent in various types of cancer. Ursolic acid has been shown to target multiple proinflammatory transcription factors, cell cycle proteins, growth factors, kinases, cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and inflammatory enzymes. These targets can potentially mediate the chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of ursolic acid by inhibiting the initiation, promotion and metastasis of cancer. This review not only summarizes the diverse molecular targets of ursolic acid, but also provides an insight into the various preclinical and clinical studies that have been performed in the last decade with this promising triterpenoid.
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            Anti-inflammatory effects of 27 selected terpenoid compounds tested through modulating Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion profiles using murine primary splenocytes.

            Jin-Jin Lin, Hsin-Mei Ku (2013)
            This study investigated 27 selected terpenoid compounds, including 8 monoterpenoids, 7 sesqui-terpenoids, 3 di-terpenoids, 8 tri-terpenoids, and 1 tetra-terpenoid, for their Th1/Th2 immunomodulatory potential using mouse primary splenocytes. Changes in Th1 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ, and Th2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, secreted by terpenoid-treated splenocytes were measured using the ELISA method. The results showed that triptolide, a diterpenoid, was most cytotoxic, reflecting an IC50 value of 46nM. Eucalyptol, limonene, linalool, thymol, parthenolide, andrographolide, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, lupeol, ursolic acid and β-sitosterol showed a strong Th2-inclination and anti-inflammation potential in vitro. In addition, (-)-trans-caryophyllene, oridonin, triptolide, diosgenin, betulinic acid, escin, and β-sitosterol treatments significantly inhibited both IL-2 (Th1) and IL-10 (Th2) cytokine production at the same time, suggesting that these terpenoid compounds have an anti-inflammation potential through the inhibition of T-cell immune responses. Diosgenin treatments significantly increased IFN-γ secretion levels using mouse splenocytes, suggesting that diosgenin may be useful in treating a viral infection through the stimulation of IFN-γ production. Menthone, farnesol and oridonin treatments did not markedly increase IL-10/IL-2 (Th2/Th1) cytokine secretion ratios, suggesting that menthone, farnesol and oridonin may have a relative Th1-inclination property, compared to the other selected terpenoid compounds. The relative Th1-inclination property of menthone, farnesol and oridonin may be applied to improve Th2-skewed allergic diseases. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Testing of antifungal natural products: methodologies, comparability of results and assay choice

              Harald Greger, Franz Hadacek (2000)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 January 2014
                Publication date Collection: January 2014
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 1317-1327
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE 60451-970, Brazil; E-Mails: georgina.quimica@ 123456gmail.com (P.G.G.N.); aylamarcia@ 123456yahoo.com.br (A.M.C.B.); angelamcarriaga@ 123456yahoo.com.br (A.M.C.A.); dafufc@ 123456yahoo.com.br (D.A.F.)
                [2 ]Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE 60430-370, Brazil; E-Mail: gil@ 123456ufc.br
                [3 ]Laboratório de Ciências Químicas (LCQUI)-CCT-UENF/PPGQO-DEQUIM-UFRRJ, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ 28013-602, Brazil; E-Mail: braz@ 123456uenf.br
                [4 ]Laboratório de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato-CE 63105-000, Brazil; E-Mail: galberto.martins@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: tlglemos@ 123456yahoo.com.br ; Tel.: +55-85-3366-9366; Fax: +55-85-3366-9978.
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-19-01317
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules19011317
                PMC ID: 6271190
                PubMed ID: 24451251
                SO-VID: 55a472ea-433b-4659-9a0e-8f4db80afe8b
                Copyright © © 2014 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 07 November 2013
                Date revision received : 11 December 2013
                Date accepted : 20 December 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Communication

                Keywords: sambucus australis,ursolic acid,antioxidant activity,antibacterial activity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sambucus australis, ursolic acid, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity

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