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      New Insights on the Palaeo-archaeological Potential of the Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal

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          Abstract

          The study of the Palaeolithic in Senegal has made considerable progress in the last decade and has provided a renewed vision of the behavioral evolution of prehistoric populations in West Africa. The cultural trajectories within the region seem to be highly variable and bear witness to strong behavioral dynamics, the mechanisms of which still need to be better understood. However, the number of reliable, dated, and stratified sites, as well as the palaeoenvironmental data providing a context for populations in their palaeolandscapes, is still scarce. In order to provide new and solid data, we conducted new archaeological survey in the Niokolo-Koba National Park in south-central Senegal, aiming at a preliminary identification of Pleistocene and early Holocene sedimentary deposits. Here, we report an overview of the newly discovered industries found in different contexts. Most of the 27 identified sites show surface and out-of-context assemblages, but other sites are stratified and have all the criteria to justify the development of a long-term archaeological, geochronological, geomorphological, and palaeobotanical project. The Niokolo-Koba National Park, through which the Gambia River flows, is characterized by an abundance of sources of knappable material and by well-preserved sedimentary sequences. Therefore, archaeological research in the Niokolo-Koba National Park has the potential to provide major milestones in our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics at work in West Africa during the early periods of occupation of the region.

          Résumé

          L’étude du Paléolithique au Sénégal connait des avancées considérables depuis cette dernière décennie, et permet d’apporter une vision renouvelée de l’évolution comportementale des populations préhistoriques en Afrique de l’Ouest. Les trajectoires culturelles au sein de la région semblent pourtant très variables et témoignent de fortes dynamiques comportementales, dont il s’agit à présent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes. Cependant, le nombre de sites fiables, datés et stratifiés, ainsi que les données paléoenvironnementales permettant de contextualiser les populations dans les paléopaysages, sont encore extrêmement rares. Dans l’optique d’apporter des nouvelles données solides, nous avons mené une première mission de prospections archéologiques dans le Parc National du Niokolo-Koba, dans le centre-sud du Sénégal, visant une reconnaissance des dépôts sédimentaires du Pléistocène et de l’Holocène ancien. Nous rapportons ici un aperçu des industries découvertes dans différents types de contextes. La majeure partie des 27 sites découverts montrent des assemblages en surface et hors contexte, mais d’autres sites sont stratifiés et possédent tous les critères justifiant le développement d’un projet archéologique, géochronologique, géomorphologique et paléobotanique à long terme. Le Parc National du Niokolo-Koba, traversé par le fleuve Gambie, est caractérise par l’abondance des matériaux taillables ainsi que par la très bonne préservation des séquences sédimentaires. Les recherches archéologiques dans le Parc National du Niokolo-Koba ont donc le potentiel d’apporter des jalons majeurs à notre compréhension des dynamiques évolutives à l’œuvre en Afrique de l’Ouest pendant les périodes d’occupation anciennes de la région.

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          Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?

          We challenge the view that our species, Homo sapiens, evolved within a single population and/or region of Africa. The chronology and physical diversity of Pleistocene human fossils suggest that morphologically varied populations pertaining to the H. sapiens clade lived throughout Africa. Similarly, the African archaeological record demonstrates the polycentric origin and persistence of regionally distinct Pleistocene material culture in a variety of paleoecological settings. Genetic studies also indicate that present-day population structure within Africa extends to deep times, paralleling a paleoenvironmental record of shifting and fractured habitable zones. We argue that these fields support an emerging view of a highly structured African prehistory that should be considered in human evolutionary inferences, prompting new interpretations, questions, and interdisciplinary research directions.
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            Persistence of Middle Stone Age technology to the Pleistocene/Holocene transition supports a complex hominin evolutionary scenario in West Africa

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              Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene

              The African Middle Stone Age (MSA, typically considered to span ca. 300–30 thousand years ago [ka]), represents our species’ first and longest lasting cultural phase. Although the MSA to Later Stone Age (LSA) transition is known to have had a degree of spatial and temporal variability, recent studies have implied that in some regions, the MSA persisted well beyond 30 ka. Here we report two new sites in Senegal that date the end of the MSA to around 11 ka, the youngest yet documented MSA in Africa. This shows that this cultural phase persisted into the Holocene. These results highlight significant spatial and temporal cultural variability in the African Late Pleistocene, consistent with genomic and palaeoanthropological hypotheses that significant, long-standing inter-group cultural differences shaped the later stages of human evolution in Africa.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Katja.Douze@unige.ch
                Journal
                Afr Archaeol Rev
                Afr Archaeol Rev
                The African Archaeological Review
                Springer US (New York )
                0263-0338
                1572-9842
                15 April 2023
                15 April 2023
                2023
                : 40
                : 2
                : 429-442
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.8191.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2186 9619, Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire Cheikh Anta Diop, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, ; BP: 206 Fann, Dakar, Senegal
                [2 ]GRID grid.8591.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2322 4988, Laboratory of Archaeology of Africa and Anthropology, Section of Biology, , University of Geneva, ; Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9997-1605
                Article
                9525
                10.1007/s10437-023-09525-w
                10272251
                5537656c-d048-4068-8e70-91a1335cd440
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 12 February 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001711, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung;
                Award ID: 100011_185384
                Award ID: 10001F_212301
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006389, Université de Genève;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005757, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar;
                Funded by: University of Geneva
                Categories
                Research Report
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023

                west africa,pleistocene,early holocene,survey,lithic industries

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