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      Usefulness of a new semiological classification for characterizing psychogenic nonepileptic seizures Translated title: Utilidad de una nueva clasificación semiológica para caracterización de eventos paroxísticos no epilépticos de origen psicógeno

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          ABSTRACT

          Background:

          Nonepileptic events misdiagnosed as epilepsy lead to a risk of iatrogenic morbidity, which increases health costs. Among the patients affected by nonepileptic events, 11-46% are psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs).

          Objective:

          To investigate the usefulness of the semiological classification of PNESs among patients diagnosed by means of video electroencephalograms (vEEGs).

          Methods:

          This was a retrospective review of the medical records of patients admitted to the adult vEEG unit between April 2007 and December 2016, who were diagnosed with PNES that was confirmed through vEEG. Analysis on demographic and clinical data and classification of PNESs according to the Magaudda classification were performed.

          Results:

          We identified 143 patients, among whom 31.5% had also epilepsy. According to the Magaudda classification, the events were: hypermotor (58%); subjective symptoms (21.7%); akinetic (14.7%) and focal motor (5.6%). Hypermotor predominated in both genders, followed by subjective symptoms in women (23.9%) and akinetic in men (19.2%). The mean number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) prescribed per patient was 2.3. Thirty-two patients (22.4%) required at least one hospitalization for PNESs. 48.3% of the patients had psychiatric comorbidities.

          Conclusion:

          The proposed semiological classification of PNESs is a relevant tool that general neurologists can use to characterize these events in their daily practice. Correct use of this classification, together with vEEG and appropriate clinical suspicion, makes it possible to reach an accurate early diagnosis, thus reducing morbidity and, possibly, the high costs associated with PNESs

          RESUMEN

          Introducción:

          Los eventos no epilépticos diagnosticados erróneamente como epilepsia conducen a un riesgo de morbilidad iatrogénica que aumenta los costes en salud. Entre los pacientes afectados por eventos no epilépticos, un 11-46% son de origen psicógeno (PNES).

          Objetivos:

          Evaluar la utilidad de la clasificación semiológica de PNES en pacientes diagnosticados por video electroencefalograma (vEEG).

          Métodos:

          Revisión retrospectiva de los registros médicos de pacientes ingresados en la unidad de adultos de vEEG entre 04-2007 y 12-2016, que fueron diagnosticados con PNES confirmado por vEEG. Se realizó un análisis de los datos demográficos y clínicos, y la clasificación de los PNES según la clasificación de Magaudda.

          Resultados:

          Identificamos 143 pacientes, el 31,5% de los cuales también tenía epilepsia. Según la clasificación de Magaudda, los eventos fueron: hipermotor 58%; síntomas subjetivos 21,7%; akinética 14,7% y motor focal 5,6%. El hipermotor predominó en ambos los sexos, seguido de síntomas subjetivos en las mujeres (23,9%) y akinéticos en los hombres (19,2%). La cantidad media de fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) recetados por paciente fue 2.3. Un total de 32 pacientes (22.4%) requirieron al menos una hospitalización por PNES. El 48,3% de los pacientes tenía comorbilidad psiquiátrica.

          Conclusión:

          La clasificación semiológica de los PNES propuesta es una herramienta relevante que los neurólogos generales pueden usar para caracterizar esos eventos en su práctica diaria. El uso correcto de esta clasificación, vEEG y una sospecha clínica adecuada permite llegar a un diagnóstico preciso y temprano, reduciendo así la morbilidad y, posiblemente, los altos costes asociados con las PNES.

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          Most cited references17

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          ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology

          The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Classification of the Epilepsies has been updated to reflect our gain in understanding of the epilepsies and their underlying mechanisms following the major scientific advances that have taken place since the last ratified classification in 1989. As a critical tool for the practicing clinician, epilepsy classification must be relevant and dynamic to changes in thinking, yet robust and translatable to all areas of the globe. Its primary purpose is for diagnosis of patients, but it is also critical for epilepsy research, development of antiepileptic therapies, and communication around the world. The new classification originates from a draft document submitted for public comments in 2013, which was revised to incorporate extensive feedback from the international epilepsy community over several rounds of consultation. It presents three levels, starting with seizure type, where it assumes that the patient is having epileptic seizures as defined by the new 2017 ILAE Seizure Classification. After diagnosis of the seizure type, the next step is diagnosis of epilepsy type, including focal epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, combined generalized, and focal epilepsy, and also an unknown epilepsy group. The third level is that of epilepsy syndrome, where a specific syndromic diagnosis can be made. The new classification incorporates etiology along each stage, emphasizing the need to consider etiology at each step of diagnosis, as it often carries significant treatment implications. Etiology is broken into six subgroups, selected because of their potential therapeutic consequences. New terminology is introduced such as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. The term benign is replaced by the terms self-limited and pharmacoresponsive, to be used where appropriate. It is hoped that this new framework will assist in improving epilepsy care and research in the 21st century.
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            Minimum requirements for the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a staged approach: a report from the International League Against Epilepsy Nonepileptic Seizures Task Force.

            An international consensus group of clinician-researchers in epilepsy, neurology, neuropsychology, and neuropsychiatry collaborated with the aim of developing clear guidance on standards for the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Because the gold standard of video electroencephalography (vEEG) is not available worldwide, or for every patient, the group delineated a staged approach to PNES diagnosis. Using a consensus review of the literature, this group evaluated key diagnostic approaches. These included: history, EEG, ambulatory EEG, vEEG/monitoring, neurophysiologic, neurohumoral, neuroimaging, neuropsychological testing, hypnosis, and conversation analysis. Levels of diagnostic certainty were developed including possible, probable, clinically established, and documented diagnosis, based on the availability of history, witnessed event, and investigations, including vEEG. The aim and hope of this report is to provide greater clarity about the process and certainty of the diagnosis of PNES, with the intent to improve the care for people with epilepsy and nonepileptic seizures.
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              PNES around the world: Where we are now and how we can close the diagnosis and treatment gaps—an ILAE PNES Task Force report

              Summary An international consensus clinical practice statement issued in 2011 ranked psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) among the top three neuropsychiatric problems. An ILAE PNES Task Force was founded and initially charged with summarizing the current state of the art in terms of diagnosis and treatment, resulting in two publications. The first described different levels of diagnostic certainty. The second summarized current knowledge of management approaches. The present paper summarizes an international workshop of the ILAE PNES Task Force that focused on the current understanding and management of PNES around the world. We initially provide a knowledge update about the etiology, epidemiology, and prognosis of PNES—in adults and in special patient groups, such as children, older adults, and those with intellectual disability. We then explore clinical management pathways and obstacles to optimal care for this disorder around the world by focusing on a number of countries with different cultural backgrounds and at very different stages of social and economic development (United Kingdom, U.S.A., Zambia, Georgia, China, and Japan). Although evidence‐based methods for the diagnosis and treatment of PNES have now been described, and much is known about the biopsychosocial underpinnings of this disorder, this paper describes gaps in care (not only in less developed countries) that result in patients with PNES not having adequate access to healthcare provisions. A range of challenges requiring solutions tailored to different healthcare systems emerges. Continued attention to PNES by the ILAE and other national and international neurologic, psychiatric, and health organizations, along with ongoing international collaboration, should ensure that patients with PNES do not lose out as healthcare services evolve around the world.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Arq Neuropsiquiatr
                Arq Neuropsiquiatr
                anp
                Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
                Academia Brasileira de Neurologia - ABNEURO
                0004-282X
                1678-4227
                07 May 2021
                April 2021
                : 79
                : 4
                : 278-282
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalHospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. orgnameHospital Italiano de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Bárbara Ingrid Rosso; E-mail: barbara.rosso@ 123456hospitalitaliano.org.ar

                Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest to declare.

                Authors' contributions: BIR: Conceived and designed the analysis, collected the data and wrote the paper. JCA: Conceived and designed the analysis, collected the data and performed the analysis. AGB: Contributed data or analysis tools and wrote the paper. MCG: Conceived and designed the analysis and contributed data or analysis tools.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7231-0284
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6301-5494
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9128-3357
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6193-243X
                Article
                10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2019-0171
                9231450
                34133507
                5473738d-d9e1-436c-a2a3-d90cb260d153

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 13 May 2019
                : 16 July 2020
                : 18 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 05
                Categories
                Article

                stress, psychological,seizures,diagnosis,estrés psicológico,convulsiones,diagnóstico

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