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      Albumin-to-protein ratio in spot urine samples for analysis of proteinuria selectivity in chronic kidney disease Translated title: Razão albumina/proteína em amostras isoladas de urina para análise da seletividade de proteinúria na doença renal crônica

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          ABSTRACT

          Introduction:

          The albumin-to-creatinine ratio and total protein-to-creatinine ratio in spot urine samples have already been validated as surrogates for 24-hour albuminuria and proteinuria measurements. Thus, we hypothesized that the type of proteinuria, detected by the electrophoretic pattern of 24-hour urine, could be predicted by the simple proportion of albumin in the total urine protein content, using the albumin-to-protein ratio (APR). Our study sought to validate the use of APR as a cheaper substitute for urinary protein electrophoresis (UPE).

          Methods:

          Using different mathematical models, we compared, the albumin fraction in 24-hour urine samples by electrophoresis and the APR ratio in spot samples from 42 outpatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

          Results:

          A strong log-order correlation r = 0.84 (0.75–0.92; 95% CI, p = 0.001) was observed between APR and the albumin fraction in the UPE.

          Conclusion:

          The APR can substitute electrophoresis in CKD outpatients.

          Resumo

          Introdução:

          A utilização da razão albumina/creatinina e da razão proteína total/creatinina em amostras isoladas de urina já foram validadas como substitutos para a albuminúria e proteinúria em 24 horas. Assim, nossa hipótese é que o tipo de proteinúria, dado pelo padrão eletroforético da urina de 24 horas, poderia ser previsto pela simples proporção de albumina no conteúdo total de proteínas na urina, utilizando a razão albumina/proteína (RAP). O presente estudo procurou validar o uso da RAP como um substituto mais prático e de menor custo da eletroforese de proteínas urinárias (EPU).

          Métodos:

          Foram utilizados diferentes modelos matemáticos a fim de comparar a fração de albumina pela eletroforese em amostras de urina de 24 horas e a RAP em amostras isoladas em 42 pacientes ambulatoriais com doença renal crônica.

          Resultados:

          Foi observada uma forte correlação logarítmica r = 0,84 (0,75–0,92; 95% CI, p = 0,001) entre a RAP e a fração de albumina pela EPU.

          Conclusão:

          A RAP pode substituir a eletroforese urinária em pacientes renais crônicos ambulatoriais.

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          Most cited references16

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          Use of single voided urine samples to estimate quantitative proteinuria.

          Quantitation of urinary protein excretion is used extensively for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and to assess the effects of therapy. The method most commonly used to measure urinary protein relies on 24-hour urine collections, which are time consuming, cumbersome, and often inaccurate. We reasoned that the urinary protein/creatinine ratio in a single voided urine sample should correlate well with the quantity of protein in timed urine collections. In a study of 46 specimens we found an excellent correlation between the protein content of a 24-hour urine collection and the protein/creatinine ratio in a single urine sample. The best correlation was found when samples were collected after the first voided morning specimen and before bedtime. We conclude that the determination of the protein/creatinine ratio in single urine samples obtained during normal daylight activity, when properly interpreted by taking into consideration the effect of different rates of creatinine excretion, can replace the 24-hour urine collection in the clinical quantitation of proteinuria. In the presence of stable renal function, a protein/creatinine ratio of more than 3.5 (mg/mg) can be taken to represent "nephrotic-range" proteinuria, and a ratio of less than 0.2 is within normal limits.
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            Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease

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              The receiver operating characteristics curve in the evaluation of a random urine specimen as a screening test for diabetic nephropathy.

              To assess the performance of measurements of urinary albumin concentration (UAC) and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) in a diurnal random urine specimen (RUS) for the screening of diabetic nephropathy. A total of 95 ambulatory NIDDM patients (49 women, ages 40-75 years) collected 123 RUSs during the morning after completing a timed 24-h urine collection. Albumin was measured by immunoturbidimetry. According to timed urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) measured in the 24-h collection (criterion standard), samples were classified as normoalbuminuric (UAER 200 micrograms/min; n = 25). The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve approach was used. The ROC curves of UAC and UACR in RUS for screening of microalbuminuria (normo- and microalbuminuric samples; n = 98) and macroalbuminuria (micro- and macroalbuminuric samples; n = 69) were plotted. Spearman's coefficients of correlation of 24-h UAER vs. UAC and UACR were 0.91 and 0.92, respectively (P 0.05) as were the corresponding areas for macroalbuminuria (0.9868 +/- 0.0094 and 0.9614 +/- 0.0241, respectively; P > 0.05). The first point with 100% sensitivity and the point of intersection with a 100%-to-100% diagonal for microalbuminuria were as follows: 16.9 and 33.6 mg/l for UAC and 15.0 and 26.8 mg/g for UACR; for macroalbuminuria 174.0 and 296.2 mg/l for UAC and 116.0 and 334.3 mg/g for UACR, respectively. Albumin measurements (UAC and UACR) in an RUS presented almost perfect accuracy for the screening of micro- and macroalbuminuria and UAC measured in an RUS is simpler and less expensive than UACR and UAER. It is suggested as a valid test for use in screening for diabetic nephropathy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Nefrol
                J Bras Nefrol
                jbn
                Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia
                0101-2800
                2175-8239
                03 October 2022
                Apr-Jun 2023
                : 45
                : 2
                : 252-256
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade Federal Fluminense, Escola de Medicina, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
                [2 ]Universidade Federal Fluminense, Escola de Medicina, Departamento de Nefrologia, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: José Carlos Carraro-Eduardo. E-mail: carraroeduardo@ 123456gmail.com

                Authors’ Contribution: JCCE conceived the study and was involved in protocol development and ethical approval. MAMP was responsible for the literature review, data collection, and writing. RFRJ contributed to data analysis. JPSM provided a specialized review. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript and approved its final version.

                Conflict of Interest

                All authors declare no conflicts of interest.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5646-2253
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-283X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3518-9803
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2627-1960
                Article
                10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2022-0079en
                10627120
                36200855
                53b99c54-7c25-4fea-b4af-8314b2e29189

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 03 May 2022
                : 04 August 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, References: 15
                Categories
                Brief Communication

                urine,proteinuria,electrophoresis,albuminuria,renal insufficiency, chronic,insuficiência renal, crônica,prevenção de doenças,conhecimento,características da população.

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