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      Therapeutic efficacy and safety of artesunate + amodiaquine and artemether + lumefantrine in treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children on the rainy south-east coast of Madagascar Translated title: Efficacité thérapeutique et sécurité de l’artésunate + amodiaquine et de l’artéméther + luméfantrine pour le traitement du paludisme simple à Plasmodium falciparum chez les enfants sur la côte sud-est pluvieuse de Madagascar

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          Abstract

          Malaria is a major public health problem in Madagascar, particularly in coastal areas. We conducted a randomized, controlled, parallel-group study of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in Mananjary and Farafangana, two localities on the rainy south-east coast of Madagascar, from March to September 2018. The efficacy and safety of artesunate + amodiaquine (ASAQ) and artemether + lumefantrine (AL) were assessed according to the WHO protocol with a 28-day follow-up. Children aged 6 months to 14 years with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were randomized to receive ASAQ or AL for three days (1:1). 347/352 (98.5%) randomized patients reached the study endpoint on day 28. Crude adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) rates were 100% (95% CI: 98.8–100%) in the ASAQ group and 96% (95% CI: 93.1–98.9%) in the AL group (per protocol population). However, the PCR-corrected ACPR rate was 97.7% (95% CI: 95.4–100%) in the AL group. Two cases of recrudescence and three of re-infection were observed. Mild and moderate adverse events, including gastrointestinal and/or nervous disorders, were reported in 11.9% (42/352) of patients. We found that ASAQ and AL were safe and efficacious for treating uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. They may be used for treatment at health facilities and at the community level, and for mass drug administration campaigns.

          Translated abstract

          Le paludisme demeure un problème majeur de santé publique à Madagascar notamment dans les régions côtières. Nous avons réalisé une étude multisite, randomisée, contrôlée, en groupes parallèles sur la combinaison thérapeutique à base des dérivés d’artémisinine (CTA) à Mananjary et Farafangana, deux localités sur la côte sud-est pluvieuse de Madagascar, de mars au septembre 2018. L’efficacité et la sécurité de l’artésunate + amodiaquine (ASAQ) et de l’artéméther + luméfantrine (AL) ont été évaluées selon le protocole de l’OMS avec un suivi de 28 jours. Des enfants âgés de 6 mois à 14 ans souffrant de paludisme non compliqué à Plasmodium falciparum ont été randomisés (1:1) pour recevoir ASAQ ou AL pendant trois jours. 347/352 (98,5 %) des patients randomisés ont pu être suivis jusqu’au jour 28. Le taux de réponse clinique et parasitologique adéquate (RCPA) était de 100 % (95 % CI : 98,8 – 100 %) dans le bras thérapeutique ASAQ et de 96 % (95 % CI : 93,1 – 98,9 %) dans le bras thérapeutique AL (population per protocole). Cependant, après correction par PCR, le taux de RCPA était de 97,7 % (95 % CI : 95,4 – 100 %) dans le bras thérapeutique AL. Deux cas de recrudescence et trois cas de réinfections ont été observées. Des effets indésirables légers et modérés, notamment des troubles gastro-intestinaux et/ou nerveux, ont été rapportés chez 11,9 % (42/352) des patients. Nos résultats démontrent que l’ASAQ et l’AL sont sûrs et efficaces pour le traitement du paludisme non compliqué à P. falciparum. Ces deux CTA peuvent par conséquent être utilisés pour traiter le paludisme dans les centres de santé et au niveau communautaire, et aussi pendant les campagnes de traitement de masse.

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          Most cited references48

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          Spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

          Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum has emerged in Southeast Asia and now poses a threat to the control and elimination of malaria. Mapping the geographic extent of resistance is essential for planning containment and elimination strategies. Between May 2011 and April 2013, we enrolled 1241 adults and children with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria in an open-label trial at 15 sites in 10 countries (7 in Asia and 3 in Africa). Patients received artesunate, administered orally at a daily dose of either 2 mg per kilogram of body weight per day or 4 mg per kilogram, for 3 days, followed by a standard 3-day course of artemisinin-based combination therapy. Parasite counts in peripheral-blood samples were measured every 6 hours, and the parasite clearance half-lives were determined. The median parasite clearance half-lives ranged from 1.9 hours in the Democratic Republic of Congo to 7.0 hours at the Thailand-Cambodia border. Slowly clearing infections (parasite clearance half-life >5 hours), strongly associated with single point mutations in the "propeller" region of the P. falciparum kelch protein gene on chromosome 13 (kelch13), were detected throughout mainland Southeast Asia from southern Vietnam to central Myanmar. The incidence of pretreatment and post-treatment gametocytemia was higher among patients with slow parasite clearance, suggesting greater potential for transmission. In western Cambodia, where artemisinin-based combination therapies are failing, the 6-day course of antimalarial therapy was associated with a cure rate of 97.7% (95% confidence interval, 90.9 to 99.4) at 42 days. Artemisinin resistance to P. falciparum, which is now prevalent across mainland Southeast Asia, is associated with mutations in kelch13. Prolonged courses of artemisinin-based combination therapies are currently efficacious in areas where standard 3-day treatments are failing. (Funded by the U.K. Department of International Development and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01350856.).
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            Association of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H genotypes with delayed parasite clearance in Rwanda: an open-label, single-arm, multicentre, therapeutic efficacy study

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              Severe malaria.

              (2014)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2023
                30 August 2023
                : 30
                : 32
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
                [2 ] Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) 1202 Geneva Switzerland
                [3 ] Unité de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
                [4 ] Direction Régionale de la Santé Publique Atsimo Atsinana Farafangana 309 Madagascar
                [5 ] Service de Santé de District de Santé Publique Mananjary 317 Madagascar
                [6 ] National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
                [7 ] Direction de Lutte contre les Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère de la santé publique Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
                [8 ] Faculté des Sciences, Université de Toliara Toliara 601 Madagascar
                Author notes
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8686-8411
                http://orcid.org/0009-0001-0656-0557
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6196-8504
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6690-2945
                http://orcid.org/0009-0006-9781-3295
                http://orcid.org/0009-0005-2865-6436
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2767-0349
                Article
                parasite230041 10.1051/parasite/2023034
                10.1051/parasite/2023034
                10467351
                37646608
                539df8ed-c4d8-4547-a2d5-2c58ce7dac59
                © J. Irinantenaina et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2023

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 24 March 2023
                : 05 August 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 7, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: US Agency for International Development
                Award ID: Grant No. AID-687-G-13-00003
                Categories
                Research Article

                artemether-lumefantrine,artesunate-amodiaquine,efficacy,madagascar

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