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      Back to the future: The advantage of studying key events in human evolution using a new high resolution radiocarbon method

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      Author(s): 1 , * , , 2 , 3 , 4
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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLOS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Radiocarbon dating is the most widely applied dating method in archaeology, especially in human evolution studies, where it is used to determine the chronology of key events, such as the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans in Europe. However, the method does not always provide precise and accurate enough ages to understand the important processes of human evolution. Here we review the newest method developments in radiocarbon dating (‘Radiocarbon 3.0’), which can lead us to much better chronologies and understanding of the major events in recent human evolution. As an example, we apply these new methods to discuss the dating of the important Palaeolithic site of Bacho Kiro (Bulgaria).

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          INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 24,000–0 cal BP

          Minze Stuiver, Paula J. Reimer, Edouard Bard … (1998)
          The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24,000–0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment. The14C age–cal age information, produced by many laboratories, is converted to Δ14C profiles and calibration curves, for the atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measuredl4C ages and the errors therein, regional14C age differences, tree–coral14C age comparisons and the time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadalvs. single-year14C results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000–11,000 cal BP interval, are reflected in the Δ14C values of INTCAL98.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1256 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            THE INTCAL20 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE RADIOCARBON AGE CALIBRATION CURVE (0–55 CAL kBP)

            Paula J. Reimer, William E. N. Austin, Edouard Bard … (2020)
            Radiocarbon ( 14 C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric 14 C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they invariably require revision as new data become available and our understanding of the Earth system improves. In this volume the international 14 C calibration curves for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as for the ocean surface layer, have been updated to include a wealth of new data and extended to 55,000 cal BP. Based on tree rings, IntCal20 now extends as a fully atmospheric record to ca. 13,900 cal BP. For the older part of the timescale, IntCal20 comprises statistically integrated evidence from floating tree-ring chronologies, lacustrine and marine sediments, speleothems, and corals. We utilized improved evaluation of the timescales and location variable 14 C offsets from the atmosphere (reservoir age, dead carbon fraction) for each dataset. New statistical methods have refined the structure of the calibration curves while maintaining a robust treatment of uncertainties in the 14 C ages, the calendar ages and other corrections. The inclusion of modeled marine reservoir ages derived from a three-dimensional ocean circulation model has allowed us to apply more appropriate reservoir corrections to the marine 14 C data rather than the previous use of constant regional offsets from the atmosphere. Here we provide an overview of the new and revised datasets and the associated methods used for the construction of the IntCal20 curve and explore potential regional offsets for tree-ring data. We discuss the main differences with respect to the previous calibration curve, IntCal13, and some of the implications for archaeology and geosciences ranging from the recent past to the time of the extinction of the Neanderthals.
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              IntCal09 and Marine09 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves, 0–50,000 Years cal BP

              P J Reimer, M. G. L. Baillie, E Bard … (2009)
              The IntCal04 and Marine04 radiocarbon calibration curves have been updated from 12 cal kBP (cal kBP is here defined as thousands of calibrated years before AD 1950), and extended to 50 cal kBP, utilizing newly available data sets that meet the IntCal Working Group criteria for pristine corals and other carbonates and for quantification of uncertainty in both the14C and calendar timescales as established in 2002. No change was made to the curves from 0–12 cal kBP. The curves were constructed using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) implementation of the random walk model used for IntCal04 and Marine04. The new curves were ratified at the 20th International Radiocarbon Conference in June 2009 and are available in the Supplemental Material atwww.radiocarbon.org.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sahra Talamo:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2406-3132
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Bernd Kromer: Role: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Michael P. Richards: Role: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Lukas Wacker: Role: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Peter F. Biehl: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Title: PLOS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 February 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0280598
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
                [2 ] Institute for Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
                [3 ] Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada
                [4 ] Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
                University of California Santa Cruz, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2406-3132
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-22-26185
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280598
                PMC ID: 9931112
                PubMed ID: 36791053
                SO-VID: 531f84ff-2252-4862-acf6-d785c482e79f
                Copyright © © 2023 Talamo et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 21 September 2022
                Date accepted : 3 January 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Pages: 17
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100019180, HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council;
                Award ID: 803147
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2406-3132
                This research was supported by the HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council Grant Number: 803147 RESOLUTION, awarded to Sahra Talamo.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Archaeology
                Subject: Archaeological Dating
                Subject: Radioactive Carbon Dating
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Chemical Characterization
                Subject: Isotope Analysis
                Subject: Radioactive Carbon Dating
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Archaeology
                Subject: Archaeological Dating
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Ecology
                Subject: Paleoecology
                Subject: Dendrochronology
                Subject: Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Subject: Ecology
                Subject: Paleoecology
                Subject: Dendrochronology
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleobiology
                Subject: Paleoecology
                Subject: Dendrochronology
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleobiology
                Subject: Paleoecology
                Subject: Dendrochronology
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Archaeology
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleoanthropology
                Subject: Archaic Humans
                Subject: Hominids
                Subject: Hominins
                Subject: Neanderthals
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleoanthropology
                Subject: Archaic Humans
                Subject: Hominids
                Subject: Hominins
                Subject: Neanderthals
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Anthropology
                Subject: Physical Anthropology
                Subject: Paleoanthropology
                Subject: Archaic Humans
                Subject: Hominids
                Subject: Hominins
                Subject: Neanderthals
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physical Anthropology
                Subject: Paleoanthropology
                Subject: Archaic Humans
                Subject: Hominids
                Subject: Hominins
                Subject: Neanderthals
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Atmospheric Science
                Subject: Climatology
                Subject: Paleoclimatology
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleoclimatology
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleoclimatology
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Fossils
                Subject: Fossil Calibration
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Fossils
                Subject: Fossil Calibration
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Geographical Locations
                Subject: Europe
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