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      Estatinas para el Síndrome Coronario Agudo Medicina basada en evidencia sobre la administración temprana con dosis de carga Translated title: Statins in Acute Coronary Syndrome Use of an Early Loading Dose

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: En algunos Servicios de Emergencias de la CCSS, a los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio se les administra una dosis alta -aunque variable- de lovastatina en las primeras horas de evolución de los síndromes coronarios agudos, con la expectativa de lograr efectos pleiotrópicos, un resultado positivo sobre el endotelio y la disminución de mediadores inflamatorios. Analizar la evidencia científica que sustenta el beneficio de esta intervención farmacológica y clarificar la posible dosis oral y el potencial intervalo idóneo. Búsqueda vía electrónica en sistemas secundarios de información científica y análisis de fuentes primarias, con énfasis en ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que evalúen la eficacia de las estatinas en los eventos coronarios agudos; también de fuentes terciarias, específicamente revisiones sistemáticas y guías de consenso para práctica clínica basadas en evidencia y revisiones por instancias evaluadoras de tecnologías con reconocimiento internacional. Resultados: Cuatro ensayos clínicos aleatorizados controlados con placebo, no demostraron diferencias significativas ni clínicamente relevantes en la variable primaria combinada: evento cardiaco mayor, muerte, IAM recurrente fatal, AVC fatal u otra causa de muerte cardiovascular, ninguno usó dosis de carga, ni se inició la administración en las 24 hs del inicio de la sintomatología. Conclusión: Ante la falta de evidencia que permita proyectar con claridad un papel beneficioso para las estatinas en el manejo inicial del síndrome coronario agudo, esta práctica desequilibra la relación beneficio/riesgo y se aleja de los principios del uso racional de medicamentos y la aplicación del paradigma de la medicina basada en evidencia.

          Translated abstract

          Aim: It has been observed that in some emergency services it has become a common practice to prescribe a high but variable loading dose of statins to patients with acute myocardial infarction within the first few hours from the onset of symptoms, under the premise that this will help reduce inflammatory mediators and have a positive effect over the endothelium, and by doing so reduce the risk of recurrent ischemic events. To review the scientific evidence that could support this practice and help clarify the optimum dosage. Methods: For the process of documenting the evidence, we searched through scientific information databases to find sources of primary information, giving emphasis on randomized clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of statins. We also searched through tertiary sources of information specifically looking for systematic reviews and recommendations made by internationally referenced technology evaluating institutes. Results: Four random clinical trials (RCT) were found controlled with placebo, neither of them found any significant differences for their primary end point: mayor cardiac event, death, fatal acute myocardial infarction, fatal stroke or other cause of cardiovascular death. None of the RCT used the statin at a loading dose or within the first 24 h from the onset of symptoms. Conclusion: Due to the lack of evidence that would let us project with clarity a beneficial role for therapy with statins in the initial management of acute coronary syndrome, it’s considered that the risk/benefit ratio moves away from the rational use of medicines and the application of the Evidence Based Medicine paradigm.

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          Most cited references29

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          Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial.

          Patients experience the highest rate of death and recurrent ischemic events during the early period after an acute coronary syndrome, but it is not known whether early initiation of treatment with a statin can reduce the occurrence of these early events. To determine whether treatment with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, initiated 24 to 96 hours after an acute coronary syndrome, reduces death and nonfatal ischemic events. A randomized, double-blind trial conducted from May 1997 to September 1999, with follow-up through 16 weeks at 122 clinical centers in Europe, North America, South Africa, and Australasia. A total of 3086 adults aged 18 years or older with unstable angina or non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Patients were stratified by center and randomly assigned to receive treatment with atorvastatin (80 mg/d) or matching placebo between 24 and 96 hours after hospital admission. Primary end point event defined as death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with resuscitation, or recurrent symptomatic myocardial ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization. A primary end point event occurred in 228 patients (14.8%) in the atorvastatin group and 269 patients (17.4%) in the placebo group (relative risk [RR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.00; P =.048). There were no significant differences in risk of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or cardiac arrest between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group, although the atorvastatin group had a lower risk of symptomatic ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization (6.2% vs 8.4%; RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.95; P =.02). Likewise, there were no significant differences between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group in the incidence of secondary outcomes of coronary revascularization procedures, worsening heart failure, or worsening angina, although there were fewer strokes in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (12 vs 24 events; P =.045). In the atorvastatin group, mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level declined from 124 mg/dL (3.2 mmol/L) to 72 mg/dL (1.9 mmol/L). Abnormal liver transaminases (>3 times upper limit of normal) were more common in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (2.5% vs 0.6%; P<.001). For patients with acute coronary syndrome, lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, reduces recurrent ischemic events in the first 16 weeks, mostly recurrent symptomatic ischemia requiring rehospitalization.
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            Effect of pravastatin compared with placebo initiated within 24 hours of onset of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina: the Pravastatin in Acute Coronary Treatment (PACT) trial.

            The efficacy of statin drugs after an acute coronary event is now well established, but the evidence for statin use in the early treatment of acute coronary events remains unclear. We tested the effects of administering pravastatin within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms in patients with unstable angina, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, or ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Patient recruitment of 10,000 with 1200 end points was planned, but the trial was stopped early. A total of 3408 patients were randomly assigned to treatment with pravastatin (1710 patients) or matching placebo (1698 patients). Treatment was continued for 4 weeks. The primary end point of the study was a composite of death, recurrence of myocardial infarction, or readmission to hospital for unstable angina within 30 days of random assignment. The primary end point occurred in 199 of patients allocated to pravastatin (11.6%) and in 211 patients allocated to placebo (12.4%). A relative risk reduction of 6.4% favored allocation to pravastatin but was not statistically significant (95% CI, -13.2% to 27.6%). No adverse effects were seen. We conclude that 20 to 40 mg of pravastatin can be safely administered within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms of an acute coronary event, with a favorable but not significant trend in outcome at 30 days compared with placebo.
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              Ongoing Clinical Trials of the Pleiotropic Effects of Statins

              Background The multiple effects (ie, pleiotropic effects of statins) have received increasing recognition and may have clinical applicability across a broad range of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular conditions. Objective To determine the relevance and significance of ongoing clinical trials of the pleiotropic effects of statins, focusing on nonlipid effects. Method Ongoing trials were identified through personal communication, reports presented at scientific meetings (2000–2004), and queries made to AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, Merck & Co, Novartis, and Pfizer, manufacturers of the currently marketed statins. Published trials and other source material were identified through electronic searches on MEDLINE (1990–2003), abstract books, and references identified from bibliographies of pertinent articles. Eligible studies were the clinical trials of statins currently under way in which primary or secondary outcomes included the statins' nonlipid (ie, pleiotropic) effect(s). Data were extracted and trial quality was assessed by the authors. Results Of the 22 ongoing trials of the nonlipid effects of statins identified, 10 assessed inflammatory markers and plaque stabilization, 4 assessed oxidized low density lipoprotein/vascular oxidant stress, 3 assessed end-stage renal disease, 3 assessed fibrinogen/viscosity, 2 assessed endothelial function, 2 assessed acute coronary syndrome, 2 assessed aortic stenosis progression, and 1 each assessed hypertension, osteoporosis, ischemic burden, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke (outcomes often overlapped). Conclusion Given the excellent safety and tolerability of statins as a class, full exploration of their pleiotropic effects has the potential to provide additional benefits to many patients.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                amc
                Acta Médica Costarricense
                Acta méd. costarric
                Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica (San José )
                0001-6012
                September 2011
                : 53
                : 3
                : 129-135
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Costa Rica
                [2 ] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica
                Article
                S0001-60022011000300004
                52d0db33-2924-4d7b-95b4-546977d8397b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Costa Rica

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0001-6002&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Care Sciences & Services

                Health & Social care
                estatinas,lovastatina,síndrome coronário agudo,infarto agudo de miocardio,angina,statins,lovastatin,acute coronary syndrome,acute myocardial infarction

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