The UK Biobank imaging enhancement of 100,000 participants: rationale, data collection, management and future directions

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Abstract

UK Biobank is a population-based cohort of half a million participants aged 40–69 years recruited between 2006 and 2010. In 2014, UK Biobank started the world’s largest multi-modal imaging study, with the aim of re-inviting 100,000 participants to undergo brain, cardiac and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and carotid ultrasound. The combination of large-scale multi-modal imaging with extensive phenotypic and genetic data offers an unprecedented resource for scientists to conduct health-related research. This article provides an in-depth overview of the imaging enhancement, including the data collected, how it is managed and processed, and future directions.

Abstract

Between 2014 and 2023, 100,000 UK Biobank participants are undergoing brain, heart and abdominal MRI, as well as DXA and carotid ultrasound scans. In this review, authors provide a detailed overview of the rationale for the collection of these imaging data, the procedures of data collection and management, and the future directions of the UK biobank imaging enhancement.

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The amygdala response to emotional stimuli: a comparison of faces and scenes.

Ahmad R Hariri, Alessandro Tessitore, Venkata S. Mattay … (2002)

As a central fear processor of the brain, the amygdala initiates a cascade of critical physiological and behavioral responses. Neuroimaging studies have shown that the human amygdala responds not only to fearful and angry facial expressions but also to fearful and threatening scenes such as attacks, explosions, and mutilations. Given the relative importance of facial expressions in adaptive social behavior, we hypothesized that the human amygdala would exhibit a stronger response to angry and fearful facial expressions in comparison to other fearful and threatening stimuli. Twelve subjects completed two tasks while undergoing fMRI: matching angry or fearful facial expressions, and matching scenes depicting fearful or threatening situations derived from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). While there was an amygdala response to both facial expressions and IAPS stimuli, direct comparison revealed that the amygdala response to facial expressions was significantly greater than that to IAPS stimuli. Autonomic reactivity, measured by skin conductance responses, was also greater to facial expressions. These results suggest that the human amygdala shows a stronger response to affective facial expressions than to scenes, a bias that should be considered in the design of experimental paradigms interested in probing amygdala function.

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Review: The role of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Kristina Utzschneider, Steven E. Kahn (2006)

Insulin resistance is an almost universal finding in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This review outlines the evidence linking insulin resistance and NAFLD, explores whether liver fat is a cause or consequence of insulin resistance, and reviews the current evidence for treatment of NAFLD. Evidence from epidemiological, experimental, and clinical research studies investigating NAFLD and insulin resistance was reviewed. Insulin resistance in NAFLD is characterized by reductions in whole-body, hepatic, and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. The mechanisms underlying the accumulation of fat in the liver may include excess dietary fat, increased delivery of free fatty acids to the liver, inadequate fatty acid oxidation, and increased de novo lipogenesis. Insulin resistance may enhance hepatic fat accumulation by increasing free fatty acid delivery and by the effect of hyperinsulinemia to stimulate anabolic processes. The impact of weight loss, metformin, and thiazolidinediones, all treatments aimed at improving insulin sensitivity, as well as other agents such as vitamin E, have been evaluated in patients with NAFLD and have shown some benefit. However, most intervention studies have been small and uncontrolled. Insulin resistance is a major feature of NAFLD that, in some patients, can progress to steatohepatitis. Treatments aimed at reducing insulin resistance have had some success, but larger placebo-controlled studies are needed to fully establish the efficacy of these interventions and possibly others in reducing the deleterious effects of fat accumulation in the liver.

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Reference ranges for cardiac structure and function using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in Caucasians from the UK Biobank population cohort

Steffen Petersen, Nay Aung, Mihir M Sanghvi … (2017)

Background Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is the gold standard method for the assessment of cardiac structure and function. Reference ranges permit differentiation between normal and pathological states. To date, this study is the largest to provide CMR specific reference ranges for left ventricular, right ventricular, left atrial and right atrial structure and function derived from truly healthy Caucasian adults aged 45–74. Methods Five thousand sixty-five UK Biobank participants underwent CMR using steady-state free precession imaging at 1.5 Tesla. Manual analysis was performed for all four cardiac chambers. Participants with non-Caucasian ethnicity, known cardiovascular disease and other conditions known to affect cardiac chamber size and function were excluded. Remaining participants formed the healthy reference cohort; reference ranges were calculated and were stratified by gender and age (45–54, 55–64, 65–74). Results After applying exclusion criteria, 804 (16.2%) participants were available for analysis. Left ventricular (LV) volumes were larger in males compared to females for absolute and indexed values. With advancing age, LV volumes were mostly smaller in both sexes. LV ejection fraction was significantly greater in females compared to males (mean ± standard deviation [SD] of 61 ± 5% vs 58 ± 5%) and remained static with age for both genders. In older age groups, LV mass was lower in men, but remained virtually unchanged in women. LV mass was significantly higher in males compared to females (mean ± SD of 53 ± 9 g/m2 vs 42 ± 7 g/m2). Right ventricular (RV) volumes were significantly larger in males compared to females for absolute and indexed values and were smaller with advancing age. RV ejection fraction was higher with increasing age in females only. Left atrial (LA) maximal volume and stroke volume were significantly larger in males compared to females for absolute values but not for indexed values. LA ejection fraction was similar for both sexes. Right atrial (RA) maximal volume was significantly larger in males for both absolute and indexed values, while RA ejection fraction was significantly higher in females. Conclusions We describe age- and sex-specific reference ranges for the left ventricle, right ventricle and atria in the largest validated normal Caucasian population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12968-017-0327-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Thomas J. Littlejohns:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1177-6923

thomas.littlejohns@ndph.ox.ac.uk

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nat Commun

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nat Commun

Title: Nature Communications

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2041-1723

Publication date (Electronic): 26 May 2020

Publication date PMC-release: 26 May 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 2624

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Nuffield Department of Population Health, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, GRID grid.4305.2, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, , University of Edinburgh, ; Edinburgh, UK

[3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0709 1919, GRID grid.418716.d, Department of Clinical Radiology, , New Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, ; Edinburgh, UK

[4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0396 0496, GRID grid.421945.f, UK Biobank Coordinating Centre, ; Stockport, UK

[5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK

[6 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9046 8598, GRID grid.12896.34, Research Centre for Optimal Health, , University of Westminster, ; London, UK

[7 ]GRID grid.498025.2, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, ; Birmingham, UK

[8 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0668 7884, GRID grid.5596.f, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, ; Leuven, Belgium

[9 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8403, GRID grid.9909.9, CISTIB Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, Schools of Computing and Medicine, , University of Leeds, ; Leeds, UK

[10 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9297, GRID grid.5491.9, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, , University of Southampton, ; Southampton, UK

[11 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK

[12 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2171 1133, GRID grid.4868.2, William Harvey Research Institute, , Queen Mary University of Medicine, ; London, UK

[13 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, GRID grid.7445.2, Department of Brain Sciences, , Imperial College London and UK Dementia Research Institute, ; London, UK

Author information

Thomas J. Littlejohns http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1177-6923

Steve Garratt http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9638-4173

Jimmy D. Bell http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3804-1281

Megan C. Conroy http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3847-6202

Nicola Crabtree http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6729-5841

Alejandro F. Frangi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2675-528X

Paul Leeson http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-9297

Steffen E. Petersen http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4622-5160

Simon Sheard http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8925-8280

Stephen M. Smith http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8166-069X

Paul M. Matthews http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-8328

Naomi E. Allen http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1938-5038

Article

Publisher ID: 15948

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15948-9

PMC ID: 7250878

PubMed ID: 32457287

SO-VID: 52a3db92-39c8-4dc6-bea1-21831936ff3a

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 18 March 2019

Date accepted : 3 April 2020

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

Keywords: imaging,medical research

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

Keywords: imaging, medical research

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The UK Biobank imaging enhancement of 100,000 participants: rationale, data collection, management and future directions

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Electron Channelling Contrast Imaging (ECCI)

Most cited references 60

The amygdala response to emotional stimuli: a comparison of faces and scenes.

Review: The role of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Reference ranges for cardiac structure and function using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in Caucasians from the UK Biobank population cohort

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Cited by 191

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