Construction of unique heterogeneous cobalt–manganese oxide porous microspheres for the assembly of long-cycle and high-rate lithium ion battery anodes

Author(s): Bin Wu ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ , Yue Xie ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ , Yaqin Meng ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ , Cheng Qian ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ , Yingying Chen ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ , Aihua Yuan ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ , Xingmei Guo ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ , Hongxun Yang ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Shijian Wan ⁶ ^, ² ^, ⁷ ^, ⁴ , Shengling Lin ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴

Publication date (Electronic): 2019

Journal: Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

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Abstract

Porous (Co, Mn)(Co, Mn) ₂O ₄-based microspheres (CM-11-Ms) and core–shell microspheres (CM-11-CSMs) were firstly synthesized via controlled pyrolysis of CoMn-precursor microspheres at different temperatures under nitrogen. During pyrolysis of the CoMn-precursor, the carbon derived from hexamethylenetetramine and polyethylene glycol transforms part of (Co, Mn)(Co, Mn) ₂O ₄ into MnO and Co ₃O ₄. As an anode for lithium ion batteries, CM-11-Ms exhibits a specific capacity of 745 mA h g ⁻¹ after 650 cycles at 1 A g ⁻¹, while CM-11-CSMs exhibits an enhanced lithium storage capacity of 2175.8 mA h g ⁻¹ even after 1000 cycles at 1 A g ⁻¹ without an evident capacity decay. The improved electrochemical properties could be attributed to the unique core–shell structure that accommodates the volume expansion during cycling, the high-rate lithiation-induced reactivation, and the synergy effects among (Co, Mn)(Co, Mn) ₂O ₄, Co ₃O ₄, and MnO.

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Energy-storage technologies, including electrical double-layer capacitors and rechargeable batteries, have attracted significant attention for applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, bulk electricity storage at power stations, and "load leveling" of renewable sources, such as solar energy and wind power. Transforming lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors requires a step change in the science underpinning these devices, including the discovery of new materials, new electrochemistry, and an increased understanding of the processes on which the devices depend. The Review will consider some of the current scientific issues underpinning lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors.