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      • Record: found
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      ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations

      review-article

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper is a five year update of the sports nutrition review article published as the lead paper to launch the JISSN in 2004 and presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training and athletic performance through nutrition. More specifically, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) The definitional category of ergogenic aids and dietary supplements; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of the ergogenic value of nutrition and dietary supplementation in regards to weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement. Our hope is that ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients.

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          Most cited references579

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          American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement.

          Michael N Sawka, Louise M Burke, E Randy Eichner … (2007)
          This Position Stand provides guidance on fluid replacement to sustain appropriate hydration of individuals performing physical activity. The goal of prehydrating is to start the activity euhydrated and with normal plasma electrolyte levels. Prehydrating with beverages, in addition to normal meals and fluid intake, should be initiated when needed at least several hours before the activity to enable fluid absorption and allow urine output to return to normal levels. The goal of drinking during exercise is to prevent excessive (>2% body weight loss from water deficit) dehydration and excessive changes in electrolyte balance to avert compromised performance. Because there is considerable variability in sweating rates and sweat electrolyte content between individuals, customized fluid replacement programs are recommended. Individual sweat rates can be estimated by measuring body weight before and after exercise. During exercise, consuming beverages containing electrolytes and carbohydrates can provide benefits over water alone under certain circumstances. After exercise, the goal is to replace any fluid electrolyte deficit. The speed with which rehydration is needed and the magnitude of fluid electrolyte deficits will determine if an aggressive replacement program is merited.
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            Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member.

            A. McPherron, A. Lawler, S Lee (1997)
            The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily encompasses a large group of growth and differentiation factors playing important roles in regulating embryonic development and in maintaining tissue homeostasis in adult animals. Using degenerate polymerase chain reaction, we have identified a new murine TGF-beta family member, growth/differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8), which is expressed specifically in developing and adult skeletal muscle. During early stages of embryogenesis, GDF-8 expression is restricted to the myotome compartment of developing somites. At later stages and in adult animals, GDF-8 is expressed in many different muscles throughout the body. To determine the biological function of GDF-8, we disrupted the GDF-8 gene by gene targeting in mice. GDF-8 null animals are significantly larger than wild-type animals and show a large and widespread increase in skeletal muscle mass. Individual muscles of mutant animals weigh 2-3 times more than those of wild-type animals, and the increase in mass appears to result from a combination of muscle cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy. These results suggest that GDF-8 functions specifically as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth.
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              Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene.

              A. McPherron, S Lee (1997)
              Myostatin (GDF-8) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of secreted growth and differentiation factors that is essential for proper regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice. Here we report the myostatin sequences of nine other vertebrate species and the identification of mutations in the coding sequence of bovine myostatin in two breeds of double-muscled cattle, Belgian Blue and Piedmontese, which are known to have an increase in muscle mass relative to conventional cattle. The Belgian Blue myostatin sequence contains an 11-nucleotide deletion in the third exon which causes a frameshift that eliminates virtually all of the mature, active region of the molecule. The Piedmontese myostatin sequence contains a missense mutation in exon 3, resulting in a substitution of tyrosine for an invariant cysteine in the mature region of the protein. The similarity in phenotypes of double-muscled cattle and myostatin null mice suggests that myostatin performs the same biological function in these two species and is a potentially useful target for genetic manipulation in other farm animals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Int Soc Sports Nutr
                Title: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1550-2783
                Publication date Collection: 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 February 2010
                Volume: 7
                Page: 7
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
                [2 ]Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
                [3 ]School of Physical Education & Exercise Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
                [4 ]GENr8, Inc, Dana Point, CA, USA
                [5 ]Collins, McDonald & Gann, PC, Mineola, NY, USA
                [6 ]Schools of Medicine & Health Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, AU
                [7 ]Pennington Biomedical Reseach Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
                [8 ]Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Box 97313, Waco, TX, USA
                [9 ]Miami Research Associates, Miami, FL, USA
                [10 ]Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
                [11 ]High Performance Nutrition LLC, Mercer Island, WA, USA
                [12 ]Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
                [13 ]Nutrition Assessment Laboratory, Nutrition Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
                [14 ]Department of Human Performance & Sport Management, Mount Union College, Alliance, Ohio, USA
                [15 ]Marie Spano Nutrition Consulting, Atlanta, GA, USA
                [16 ]Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, USA
                [17 ]Division of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Science, the Center for Applied Health Sciences, Fairlawn, OH, USA
                [18 ]Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1550-2783-7-7
                DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-7
                PMC ID: 2853497
                PubMed ID: 20181066
                SO-VID: 5202779a-c7fd-44e9-baa2-130e3f87eeea
                Copyright © Copyright ©2010 Kreider et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 18 January 2010
                Date accepted : 2 February 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Sports medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Sports medicine

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