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      Caracterização e estudo da corrosão do amálgama dentário Dispersalloy por meio das técnicas de polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância Translated title: Characterization and corrosion study of the Dispersalloy dental amalgam by impedance techniques and anodic polarization

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          Abstract

          Neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo de caracterização metalúrgica do amálgama dentário Dispersalloy produzido pela empresa Dentsply Ind. e Com. Ltda., por meio da análise da sua composição química, utilizando-se a técnica espectrofotométrica de absorção atômica, procedendo-se em seguida, a análise metalográfica, utilizando-se microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A seguir, foi realizado um estudo de resistência à corrosão, utilizando-se técnicas eletroquímicas tradicionais de polarização e espectroscopia de impedância, em meio e condições que simulam a agressividade do ambiente bucal. Para isto, as amostras foram obtidas pelo processo de amalgamação mecânica, método usualmente utilizado pelos dentistas no próprio consultório, para a preparação da restauração dentária. A liga comercial Dispersalloy, representante da categoria de amálgamas de alto teor de cobre, tipo fase dispersa, foi escolhida para este estudo por ser bastante comercializada nos mercados nacional e internacional e, também por ser uma liga metálica moderna, bastante estudada, mas que ainda sofre corrosão no meio bucal.

          Translated abstract

          The corrosion of dental amalgam in aqueous media was interpreted by means of a.c. impedance techniques and anodic polarization. The Nyquist and Bode diagrams are influenced by the porous structure of the amalgams, the surface film formation and the adsorption of intermediates. In general, the impedance spectra are rather complex and very difficult to interpret. The Dispersalloy amalgam (high copper, dispersion type alloy) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X ray analysis. The chemistry analysis was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Although high copper amalgams as a group show superior physical properties and clinical performance to low copper amalgams, a high copper content does, not necessarily mean improved clinical performance. Neverthelless, they too, corrode in the mouth.

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          Most cited references18

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          Interactions between dental amalgams and the oral environment.

          M. Marek (1992)
          Dental amalgam fillings interact in a complex way with the environment in the oral cavity as they are subjected to chemical, biological, mechanical, and thermal forces. These forces change the restoration's appearance and properties, while metal ions, amalgam debris, non-metallic corrosion products, and mercury vapor are released into the oral cavity. The phenomena and conditions that affect the amalgam/environment interaction include the chemistry and biochemistry of the environment, formation of biofilms on the amalgam surfaces, existence of localized corrosion cells, galvanic contacts with other metallic restorations, abrasion during mastication, and synergistic effects of the different forces. Corrosion processes result in a degradation of the functional amalgam properties, while tarnishing reactions cause discoloration. Corrosion degradation of amalgam fillings is due mainly to localized corrosion cells in pores and crevices. Corrosion on occlusal surfaces is accelerated by abrasion during mastication, which removes the protective surface films. The average total amounts of metal species, including mercury, released per day in vivo from a restoration have not been determined. Much of the reported indirect evidence for high mercury release rates is either unreliable or controversial. A more detailed investigation is needed and will require the development of more sophisticated techniques of sampling in vivo, as well as both experimental and theoretical modeling in vitro.
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            An in vitro and in vivo study of the release of mercury vapor from different types of amalgam alloys.

            The aim of the in vitro part of the study was to measure the rate of release of mercury vapor from different types of dental amalgam in air, and in air during cyclic dipping into isotonic saline solution or Fusayama solution. The measurements were carried out by means of the Mercollector/Mercometer system, based on atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Both new (age approximately 2 months) and old (age approximately 1.5 years) amalgam specimens were studied. The variations in the rate of release of mercury vapor in air during cyclic dipping into aqueous media were most pronounced during the first day of the 10-day period studied. In air during cyclic dipping into the aqueous media, the conventional amalgam specimens released mercury vapor at lower rates over the whole period than did the dispersed and single-composition types studied. The aim of the in vivo part of the study was to determine the daily release of mercury vapor from amalgam restorations made of alloys of the same types and batches as those used in the in vitro part of the study. A series of measurements was carried out on each of eight subjects before and after amalgam therapy. None of the subjects was occupationally exposed to mercury. The subjects had to follow a standardized schedule for 24 h, where they ate, drank, and brushed their teeth at predetermined times (Berglund, 1990). The amount of mercury vapor released per time unit was measured at intervals of 30-45 min. Samples of urine and saliva were analyzed formercury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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              Effectiveness of oxide films in reducing mercury release from amalgams.

              The release of mercury from four freshly-triturated amalgams into air, argon, and moist air environments was quantitated at three different temperatures. Although a measurable amount of mercury was released from dental amalgam, the evaporation rate was immediately reduced by several phenomena, the most important being the formation of an oxide film on the surface. This hypothesis was supported by the fact that release rates were elevated in an inert argon environment, but declined dramatically once air was introduced and oxidation could occur. The further amalgamation of "free" mercury, as well as the presence of water vapor, also contributed to the reduced release rates observed during aging. Mercury release was reduced to a negligible level within three to four hours after trituration. Only one of the amalgams, Tytin, demonstrated a thermal dependence for mercury release in air. The results of this study suggest that the exposure to mercury vapor from a freshly placed amalgam restoration would be negligible in consideration of the normal estimated daily intake from all other sources.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                eq
                Eclética Química
                Eclet. Quím.
                Fundação Editora da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP (São Paulo )
                1678-4618
                1997
                : 22
                : 0
                : 101-119
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                Article
                S0100-46701997000100010
                10.1590/S0100-46701997000100010
                51f3a0dd-6df4-433e-8d34-f133e7b91d9f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-4670&lng=en
                Categories
                CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                General chemistry
                Dental amalgam,impedance,corrosion,anodic polarization,Dispersalloy,Amálgama dentário,impedância espectroscópica,corrosão,polarização potenciodinâmica

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