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      Diferenças e desigualdades no acesso a terapia renal substitutiva nos países do BRICS Translated title: Differences and inequalities in relation to access to renal replacement therapy in the BRICS countries Translated title: Las diferencias y desigualdades en el acceso a la Terapia de Reemplazo Renal en los países BRICS

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          Abstract

          Resumo A doença renal terminal (DRT) é um importante problema de saúde pública, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento, em vista dos altos recursos econômicos necessários para manutenção dos pacientes nas diversas formas de terapias renais substitutivas (TRS) existentes. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as diferenças e as desigualdades que envolvem o acesso a TRS nos países que compõem o BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul). Estudo aplicado, descritivo, transversal, qualitativo e quantitativo, com análise documental e pesquisa bibliográfica, tendo como fonte de dados censos nacionais e publicações científicas envolvendo o acesso a TRS em tais países. Verificou-se evidências de iniquidade no acesso a TRS em todos os países do BRICS, ausência de censos de diálise e transplante nacionais (Índia), ausência de legislações efetivas que inibam a comercialização de órgãos (Índia e África do Sul) e uso de transplantes de doador falecido de prisioneiros (China). A construção de mecanismos que promovam compartilhamento de benefícios e de solidariedade no campo da cooperação internacional na área da saúde renal passa pelo reconhecimento das questões bioéticas que envolvem o acesso a TRS nos países do BRICS.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is an important public health problem, especially in developing countries due to the high level of economic resources needed to maintain patients in the different programs that make up renal replacement therapy (RRT). To analyze the differences and inequalities involved in access to RRT in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa). This is an applied, descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative and qualitative study, with documentary analysis and a literature review. The sources of data were from national censuses and scientific publications regarding access to RRT in the BRICS countries. There is unequal access to RRT in all the BRICS countries, as well as the absence of information regarding dialysis and transplants (India), the absence of effective legislation to inhibit the trafficking of organs (India and South Africa) and the use of deceased prisoners as donors for renal transplants (China). The construction of mechanisms to promote the sharing of benefits and solidarity in the field of international cooperation in the area of renal health involves the recognition of bioethical issues related to access to RRT in the BRICS countries.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen La enfermedad renal en etapa terminal (ERET) es un importante problema de salud pública, especialmente en los países en desarrollo, en vista de los altos recursos económicos necesarios al mantenimiento de los pacientes en las distintas formas de terapias de reemplazo renal (TRR) existentes. El objetivo fue analizar las diferencias y desigualdades de acceso a las TRR en los países que conforman el BRICS. Estudio aplicado, descriptivo, transversal, cualitativo y cuantitativo, con análisis documental e revisión bibliográfica, teniendo como fuente de datos censos de diálisis y trasplantes nacionales y publicaciones científicas sobre el acceso a las TRR en estos países. Se verificaron evidencias de iniquidad en el acceso a las TRR en todos los países BRICS, así como la ausencia de censos de diálisis y trasplante nacionales (India), ausencia de leyes eficaces que inhiban la venta de órganos (India y Sudáfrica) y el trasplantes de órganos de prisioneros fallecidos (China). La construcción de mecanismos para promover la distribución de beneficios y solidaridad en el ámbito de la cooperación internacional en el campo de la salud renal pasa por el reconocimiento de las cuestiones bioéticas en torno al acceso a las TRR en los países BRICS.

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          What do we know about chronic kidney disease in India: first report of the Indian CKD registry

          Background There are no national data on the magnitude and pattern of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in India. The Indian CKD Registry documents the demographics, etiological spectrum, practice patterns, variations and special characteristics. Methods Data was collected for this cross-sectional study in a standardized format according to predetermined criteria. Of the 52,273 adult patients, 35.5%, 27.9%, 25.6% and 11% patients came from South, North, West and East zones respectively. Results The mean age was 50.1 ± 14.6 years, with M:F ratio of 70:30. Patients from North Zone were younger and those from the East Zone older. Diabetic nephropathy was the commonest cause (31%), followed by CKD of undetermined etiology (16%), chronic glomerulonephritis (14%) and hypertensive nephrosclerosis (13%). About 48% cases presented in Stage V; they were younger than those in Stages III-IV. Diabetic nephropathy patients were older, more likely to present in earlier stages of CKD and had a higher frequency of males; whereas those with CKD of unexplained etiology were younger, had more females and more frequently presented in Stage V. Patients in lower income groups had more advanced CKD at presentation. Patients presenting to public sector hospitals were poorer, younger, and more frequently had CKD of unknown etiology. Conclusions This report confirms the emergence of diabetic nephropathy as the pre-eminent cause in India. Patients with CKD of unknown etiology are younger, poorer and more likely to present with advanced CKD. There were some geographic variations.
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            The Economic Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease.

            The growing prevalence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) raises concerns about our capacity to manage its economic burden to patients, caregivers, and society. The societal direct and indirect costs of CKD and end-stage renal disease are substantial and increase throughout disease progression. There is significant variability in the evidence about direct and indirect costs attributable to CKD and end-stage renal disease, with the most complete evidence concentrated on direct health care costs of patients with advanced to end-stage CKD. There are substantial gaps in evidence that need to be filled to inform clinical practice and policy.
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              The Gap between Estimated Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease and Use of Therapy

              Background Relatively few data exist on the burden of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and use of renal replacement therapy (RRT)–a life-saving therapy–in developing regions. No study has quantified the proportion of patients who develop ESRD but are unable to access RRT. Methods We performed a comprehensive literature search to estimate use and annual initiation of RRT worldwide, and present these estimates according to World Bank regions. We also present estimates of survival and of etiology of diseases in patients undergoing RRT. Using data on prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, we modeled the incidence of ESRD related to these risk factors in order to quantify the gap between ESRD and use of RRT in developing regions. Results We find that 1.9 million patients are undergoing RRT worldwide, with continued use and annual initiation at 316 and 73 per million population respectively. RRT use correlates directly (Pearson’s r = 0.94) with regional income. Hemodialysis remains the dominant form of RRT but there is wide regional variation in its use. With the exception of the Latin American and Caribbean region, it appears that initiation of RRT in developing regions is restricted to fewer than a quarter of patients projected to develop ESRD. This results in at least 1.2 million premature deaths each year due to lack of access to RRT as a result of diabetes and elevated blood pressure and as many as 3.2 million premature deaths due to all causes of ESRD. Conclusion Thus, the majority of patients projected to reach ESRD due to diabetes or hypertension in developing regions are unable to access RRT; this gap will increase with rising prevalence of these risk factors worldwide.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csc
                Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
                Ciênc. saúde coletiva
                ABRASCO - Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1413-8123
                1678-4561
                July 2017
                : 22
                : 7
                : 2175-2185
                Affiliations
                [1] Brasília Distrito Federal orgnameUniversidade de Brasília Brazil fabionefro@ 123456gmail.com
                [4] Brasília Distrito Federal orgnameUniversidade de Brasília orgdiv1Cátedra Unesco de Bioética Brazil
                [2] Sorocaba São Paulo orgnamePontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde Brazil
                [3] Brasília Distrito Federal orgnameUniversidade de Brasília orgdiv1Hospital Universitário orgdiv2Centro de Transplante Renal Brazil
                Article
                S1413-81232017000702175 S1413-8123(17)02200702175
                10.1590/1413-81232017227.00662017
                51d3853b-f296-4aad-a3b9-71e9719271e6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 September 2016
                : 28 November 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 77, Pages: 11
                Categories
                Artigo

                Bioethics,Dialysis,Health inequalities,Epidemiology,Kidney transplantation,Bioética,Diálise,Desigualdades em saúde,Epidemiologia,Transplante de rim,Diálisis,Desigualdades en salud,Epidemiología,Trasplante de riñon

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