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      Trichoderma atroviride LZ42 releases volatile organic compounds promoting plant growth and suppressing Fusarium wilt disease in tomato seedlings

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          Abstract

          Background

          The promotion of plant growth and suppression of plant disease using beneficial microorganisms is considered an alternative to the application of chemical fertilizers or pesticides in the field.

          Results

          A coconut-scented antagonistic Trichoderma strain LZ42, previously isolated from Ganoderma lucidum-cultivated soil, was investigated for biostimulatory and biocontrol functions in tomato seedlings. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses suggested that strain LZ42 is closely related to T. atroviride. Tomato seedlings showed increased aerial and root dry weights in greenhouse trials after treatment with T. atroviride LZ42 formulated in talc, indicating the biostimulatory function of this fungus. T. atroviride LZ42 effectively suppressed Fusarium wilt disease in tomato seedlings, with an 82.69% control efficiency, which is similar to that of the carbendazim treatment. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by T. atroviride LZ42 were found to affect the primary root growth direction and promote the root growth of tomato seedlings in root Y-tube olfactometer assays. The fungal VOCs from T. atroviride LZ42 were observed to significantly inhibit F. oxysporum in a sandwiched Petri dish assay. SPME–GC–MS analysis revealed several VOCs emitted by T. atroviride LZ42; the dominant compound was tentatively identified as 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP). The VOC 6-PP exhibited a stronger ability to influence the direction of the primary roots of tomato seedlings but not the length of the primary roots. The inhibitory effect of 6-PP on F. oxysporum was the highest among the tested pure VOCs, showing a 50% effective concentration (EC 50) of 5.76 μL mL −1 headspace.

          Conclusions

          Trichoderma atroviride LZ42, which emits VOCs with multiple functions, is a promising agent for the biostimulation of vegetable plants and integrated management of Fusarium wilt disease.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02511-3.

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          Most cited references59

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          MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets.

          Sudhir Kumar, Glen Stecher, Koichiro Tamura (2016)
          We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software, which contains many sophisticated methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, Mega has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing systems for analyzing larger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in Mega The new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit Mega is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line. The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OS X. The command line Mega is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. They are intended for use in high-throughput and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerse II subunit.

            S Whelen, Jie Liu, Marla B. Hall (1999)
            In an effort to establish a suitable alternative to the widely used 18S rRNA system for molecular systematics of fungi, we examined the nuclear gene RPB2, encoding the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. Because RPB2 is a single-copy gene of large size with a modest rate of evolutionary change, it provides good phylogenetic resolution of Ascomycota. While the RPB2 and 18S rDNA phylogenies were highly congruent, the RPB2 phylogeny did result in much higher bootstrap support for all the deeper branches within the orders and for several branches between orders of the Ascomycota. There are several strongly supported phylogenetic conclusions. The Ascomycota is composed of three major lineages: Archiascomycetes, Saccharomycetales, and Euascomycetes. Within the Euascomycetes, plectomycetes, and pyrenomycetes are monophyletic groups, and the Pleosporales and Dothideales are distinct sister groups within the Loculoascomycetes. We confirm the placement of Neolecta within the Archiascomycetes, suggesting that fruiting body formation and forcible discharge of ascospores were characters gained early in the evolution of the Ascomycota. These findings show that a slowly evolving protein-coding gene such as RPB2 is useful for diagnosing phylogenetic relationships among fungi.
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              Trichoderma species--opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts.

              Gary E Harman, Charles R. Howell, Ada Viterbo … (2004)
              Trichoderma spp. are free-living fungi that are common in soil and root ecosystems. Recent discoveries show that they are opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts, as well as being parasites of other fungi. At least some strains establish robust and long-lasting colonizations of root surfaces and penetrate into the epidermis and a few cells below this level. They produce or release a variety of compounds that induce localized or systemic resistance responses, and this explains their lack of pathogenicity to plants. These root-microorganism associations cause substantial changes to the plant proteome and metabolism. Plants are protected from numerous classes of plant pathogen by responses that are similar to systemic acquired resistance and rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance. Root colonization by Trichoderma spp. also frequently enhances root growth and development, crop productivity, resistance to abiotic stresses and the uptake and use of nutrients.
              Article 0 comments Cited 368 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yongjun Wang:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8488-3423
                wangyj@zafu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Microbiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Microbiol
                Title: BMC Microbiology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2180
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 April 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 5 April 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 22
                Electronic Location Identifier: 88
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.443483.c, ISNI 0000 0000 9152 7385, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, , Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, ; Hangzhou, 311300 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.443483.c, ISNI 0000 0000 9152 7385, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, , Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, ; Hangzhou, 311300 China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8488-3423
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2511
                DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02511-3
                PMC ID: 8981656
                PubMed ID: 35382732
                SO-VID: 51b068eb-304d-4a5e-9ffd-0f796a370bf8
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 21 October 2021
                Date accepted : 30 March 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012166, National Key Research and Development Program of China;
                Award ID: 2017YFD0201100-7
                Award ID: 2017YFD0201100-7
                Funded by: Zhejiang Key Research and Development Program of China
                Award ID: 2019C0203002
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: biostimulation,biocontrol,6-pentyl-2h-pyran-2-one,inhibitory effect
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: biostimulation, biocontrol, 6-pentyl-2h-pyran-2-one, inhibitory effect

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