Preoperative geriatric nutritional risk index is a useful prognostic indicator in elderly patients with gastric cancer

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Abstract

Background: The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) was developed to evaluate the prognosis in elderly hospitalized patients at risk of malnutrition and related morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between preoperative GNRI and long-term outcomes in elderly gastric cancer patients.

Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 297 consecutive patients aged ≥ 65 years who underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy with R0 resection and evaluated their overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS).

Results: In the univariate analyses, OS was significantly associated with the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA-PS), tumor size, tumor differentiation, pathological stage, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), C-reactive protein, postoperative complications, and GNRI, whereas in the univariate analyses of CSS, ASA-PS, tumor size, tumor differentiation, pathological stage, CEA, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, and GNRI were significantly associated with poor prognosis. In the multivariate analysis, ASA-PS, tumor differentiation, pathological stage, and GNRI were significant independent prognostic factors of OS, whereas ASA-PS, pathological stage, and CEA were significant independent prognostic factors of CSS.

Conclusions: GNRI is significantly associated with OS and CSS in elderly gastric cancer patients and is an independent predictor of OS. It is a simple, cost-effective, and promising nutritional index for predicting OS in elderly patients.

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Most cited references 34

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Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index: a new index for evaluating at-risk elderly medical patients.

Olivier Bouillanne, Gilles Morineau, Claire Dupont … (2006)

Patients at risk of malnutrition and related morbidity and mortality can be identified with the Nutritional Risk Index (NRI). However, this index remains limited for elderly patients because of difficulties in establishing their normal weight. Therefore, we replaced the usual weight in this formula by ideal weight according to the Lorentz formula (WLo), creating a new index called the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI). First, a prospective study enrolled 181 hospitalized elderly patients. Nutritional status [albumin, prealbumin, and body mass index (BMI)] and GNRI were assessed. GNRI correlated with a severity score taking into account complications (bedsores or infections) and 6-mo mortality. Second, the GNRI was measured prospectively in 2474 patients admitted to a geriatric rehabilitation care unit over a 3-y period. The severity score correlated with albumin and GNRI but not with BMI or weight:WLo. Risk of mortality (odds ratio) and risk of complications were, respectively, 29 (95% CI: 5.2, 161.4) and 4.4 (95% CI: 1.3, 14.9) for major nutrition-related risk (GNRI: <82), 6.6 (95% CI: 1.3, 33.0), 4.9 (95% CI: 1.9, 12.5) for moderate nutrition-related risk (GNRI: 82 to <92), and 5.6 (95% CI: 1.2, 26.6) and 3.3 (95% CI: 1.4, 8.0) for a low nutrition-related risk (GNRI: 92 to < or =98). Accordingly, 12.2%, 31.4%, 29.4%, and 27.0% of the 2474 patients had major, moderate, low, and no nutrition-related risk, respectively. GNRI is a simple and accurate tool for predicting the risk of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized elderly patients and should be recorded systematically on admission.

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Geriatric nutritional risk index predicts functional dependency and mortality in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Shinobu Sugihara, Yoshiharu Kinugasa … (2012)

The clinical significance of nutritional risk assessment in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains undefined. Geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) is a simple nutritional assessment tool for elderly subjects. Its predictive value was evaluated in patients with HFpEF, a common HF phenotype in the elderly population. The present study enrolled 152 consecutive patients (mean age, 77 ± 11 years; male, 53.9%) who were hospitalized with HFpEF at the authors' institution. GNRI on admission was calculated as follows: 14.89 × serum albumin (g/dl)+41.7×body mass index/22. Characteristics and mortality (median follow-up of 2.1 years) were compared between 2 groups: low GNRI (<92) with moderate or severe nutritional risk; and high GNRI (≥ 92) with no or low nutritional risk. Patients in the low-GNRI group were more often female, and had lower serum hemoglobin and sodium, but higher serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), C-reactive protein, and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) compared to those in the high-GNRI group (P<0.05, respectively). Physical activity at discharge measured by Barthel index was significantly lower in the low-GNRI group than the high-GNRI group (P<0.05). On Cox hazard analysis, lower GNRI predicted increased mortality independent of age, gender, prior HF hospitalization, and higher BUN and BNP (P<0.01). GNRI may be useful for predicting functional dependency and mortality in patients with HFpEF.

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A randomised controlled trial evaluating the use of enteral nutritional supplements postoperatively in malnourished surgical patients.

P Prach, A. Beattie, Amanda Baxter … (2000)

Patients who undergo surgery are at risk of malnutrition due to periods of starvation, the stress of surgery, and subsequent increase in metabolic rate. There are limited data on nutritional outcome of surgical patients. To investigate changes in nutritional status and the influence of oral supplements on nutritional status, morbidity, and quality of life in postoperative surgical patients. Entry was determined by the presence of malnutrition, as defined by a body mass index (BMI) < or =20 kg/m(2), anthropometric measurements < or =15th percentile on admission, or initiation of oral diet postoperatively and/or a weight loss of 5% or more during the operative period. We studied 101 patients: 52 were randomised to the treatment group (TG) and prescribed a 1.5 kcal/ml nutritional supplement; 49 patients were randomised to the control group (CG) and continued with routine nutritional management. Nutritional status was assessed by weight, anthropometry, and grip strength, with measurements taken at two weekly intervals for 10 weeks. Complications, namely wound infection, chest infection, and antibiotic use were documented. Quality of life (QOL) was assessed using the UK SF-36 questionnaire. Patients in the control group lost a maximum mean (SD) of 5.96 (4.21) kg in weight over a period of eight weeks while patients in group TG lost less weight overall (maximum mean (SD) 3.40 (0.89) kg (p<0.001) occurring at four weeks and progressively regained weight from week 4). Anthropometry, grip strength, and QOL were similarly significantly different between groups (p<0.001). Fewer patients in the treatment group (7/52) required antibiotic prescriptions compared with the control group (15/49). Nutritional status declined for two months after discharge. Postoperative nutritional supplementation improved nutritional status, QOL, and morbidity in these patients.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Oncotarget

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Oncotarget

Journal ID (publisher-id): Impact Journals LLC

Title: Oncotarget

Publisher: Impact Journals LLC

ISSN (Electronic): 1949-2553

Publication date Collection: 16 June 2020

Publication date (Electronic): 16 June 2020

Volume: 11

Issue: 24

Pages: 2345-2356

Affiliations

¹Department of Digestive and General Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan

Author notes

Correspondence to: Noriyuki Hirahara, email : norinorihirahara@ 123456yahoo.co.jp

Article

Publisher ID: 27635

DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27635

PMC ID: 7299529

PubMed ID: 32595832

SO-VID: 50e7f178-5769-4026-b78a-5741b75054a3

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Copyright: Hirahara et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Preoperative geriatric nutritional risk index is a useful prognostic indicator in elderly patients with gastric cancer

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Most cited references 34

Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index: a new index for evaluating at-risk elderly medical patients.

Geriatric nutritional risk index predicts functional dependency and mortality in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

A randomised controlled trial evaluating the use of enteral nutritional supplements postoperatively in malnourished surgical patients.

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