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      The Roles of Immune Cells in the Pathogenesis of Fibrosis

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          Abstract

          Tissue injury and inflammatory response trigger the development of fibrosis in various diseases. It has been recognized that both innate and adaptive immune cells are important players with multifaceted functions in fibrogenesis. The activated immune cells produce various cytokines, modulate the differentiation and functions of myofibroblasts via diverse molecular mechanisms, and regulate fibrotic development. The immune cells exhibit differential functions during different stages of fibrotic diseases. In this review, we summarized recent advances in understanding the roles of immune cells in regulating fibrotic development and immune-based therapies in different disorders and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms with a focus on mTOR and JAK-STAT signaling pathways.

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          Type 2 immunity in tissue repair and fibrosis

          Richard L Gieseck, Mark Wilson, Thomas Wynn (2017)
          In this Review, the authors describe how type 2 immune responses drive tissue repair and fibrosis. They explain how these responses are crucial for repairing damaged tissue but can also lead to pathological outcomes if not properly regulated.
          Article 0 comments Cited 411 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Regulation of innate immune cell function by mTOR.

            Thomas Weichhart, Markus Hengstschläger, Monika Linke (2015)
            The innate immune system is central for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and quickly responds to local or systemic perturbations by pathogenic or sterile insults. This rapid response must be metabolically supported to allow cell migration and proliferation and to enable efficient production of cytokines and lipid mediators. This Review focuses on the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in controlling and shaping the effector responses of innate immune cells. mTOR reconfigures cellular metabolism and regulates translation, cytokine responses, antigen presentation, macrophage polarization and cell migration. The mTOR network emerges as an integrative rheostat that couples cellular activation to the environmental and intracellular nutritional status to dictate and optimize the inflammatory response. A detailed understanding of how mTOR metabolically coordinates effector responses by myeloid cells will provide important insights into immunity in health and disease.
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              Macrophage Polarization in Physiological and Pathological Pregnancy

              Yongli Yao, Xiang-Hong Xu, Liping Jin (2019)
              The immunology of pregnancy is complex and poorly defined. During the complex process of pregnancy, macrophages secrete many cytokines/chemokines and play pivotal roles in the maintenance of maternal-fetal tolerance. Here, we summarized the current knowledge of macrophage polarization and the mechanisms involved in physiological or pathological pregnancy processes, including miscarriage, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. Although current evidence provides a compelling argument that macrophages are important in pregnancy, our understanding of the roles and mechanisms of macrophages in pregnancy is still rudimentary. Since macrophages exhibit functional plasticity, they may be ideal targets for therapeutic manipulation during pathological pregnancy. Additional studies are needed to better define the functions and mechanisms of various macrophage subsets in both normal and pathological pregnancy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 July 2020
                Publication date Collection: August 2020
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 5203
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; u3004516@ 123456connect.hku.hk (E.H.); xiaof@ 123456hku.hk (F.X.)
                [2 ]Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second People’s Hospital of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China; doctorpeng0836@ 123456163.com (N.P.); 13487210688@ 123456163.com (D.H.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: xiaohuiwang@ 123456hku.hk (X.W.); liweilu@ 123456hku.hk (L.L.)
                [†]

                E.H. and N.P. contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-452X
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-21-05203
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155203
                PMC ID: 7432671
                PubMed ID: 32708044
                SO-VID: 50d3cae3-e274-45bb-99d3-5b613aa38343
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 29 June 2020
                Date accepted : 21 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: fibrosis,innate immune cells,adaptive immune cells,myofibroblast,molecular mechanism
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: fibrosis, innate immune cells, adaptive immune cells, myofibroblast, molecular mechanism

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