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      Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness are not significantly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder symptom reduction in intensive treatment Translated title: Mejoras en la estado físico cardiorrespiratorio no se asocian significativamente con reducción de síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático en tratamiento intensivo Translated title: 心肺适能的改善与强化治疗中创伤后应激障碍症状的减少无显著相关

      research-article
      a , b , f , a , c , d , e , a , b
      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      Post-traumatic stress disorder, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, intensive trauma-focused treatment, 6-minute walk test, submaximal ergometer test, trastorno de estrés postraumático, actividad física, estado físico cardiorrespiratorio, tratamiento intensivo centrado-en-el-trauma, prueba de caminata de 6 minutos, prueba de ergómetro submáxima, 创伤后应激障碍, 体育活动, 心肺适能, 强化创伤焦点治疗, 6分钟步行测试, 次极限测力计测试, • PTSD patients showed markers of poor physical health at baseline.• Besides PTSD symptoms, patients’ CRF and blood pressure improved after 8 days of treatment.• No association was found between CRF improvement and treatment outcome.

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Physical activity has been found to have positive effects on symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the importance and role of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in relation to PTSD treatment outcome is not yet clear.

          Objective: The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that CRF would increase following intensive trauma-focused treatment (TFT) of PTSD augmented with physical activity, and that improved CRF would be associated with a significant decline in PTSD symptoms.

          Method: One hundred-eight individuals with severe PTSD (72% women; mean age = 40.44, SD = 11.55) were enrolled in an intensive TFT programme of 8 days within 2 consecutive weeks that consisted of daily prolonged exposure (PE), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and 6 hours of physical activity each day. CRF levels were assessed at baseline and post-treatment with a 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and, in a subsample, with a submaximal ergometer test (PWC 75%/kg). Severity of PTSD symptoms was measured with the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self Report (PSS-SR).

          Results: A significant increase in CRF from pre- to post-treatment and a significant decrease of PTSD-symptoms was found. However, CRF difference scores were not associated with treatment outcome.

          Conclusions: Although individuals with PTSD may show an increase in CRF following an intensive TFT programme augmented with physical activity and a decrease of PTSD-symptoms, the current findings do not support the notion that treatment outcome is related to CRF.

           

          Antecedentes: Se ha encontrado que la actividad física tiene efectos positivos sobre los síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Sin embargo, la importancia y el papel de la actividad física cardiorrespiratoria (cardiorespiratory fitness, CFR) en relación con el resultado del tratamiento del TEPT aún no está claro.

          Objetivo: El propósito del presente estudio fue probar la hipótesis de que la CFR mejoraría después del tratamiento intensivo de TEPT centrado-en-el-trauma (TFT) potenciado con actividad física, y que la CFR optimizado se asociaría con una disminución significativa de los síntomas del TEPT.

          Método: Ciento ocho individuos con TEPT severo (72% mujeres; edad media = 40.44, DE = 11.55) se inscribieron en un programa intensivo de TFT de 8 días dentro de 2 semanas consecutivas que consistió en exposición diaria prolongada (PE), Terapia de Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por Movimientos Oculares (EMDR) y 6 horas de actividad física cada día. Los niveles de CRF se evaluaron al inicio y después del tratamiento con una prueba de caminata de 6 minutos (6MWT) y, en una submuestra, con una prueba de ergómetro submáxima (PWC75%/kg). La gravedad de los síntomas de TEPT se midió con el Informe de Escala de Síntomas del TEPT (PSS-SR). Resultados: Se encontró un aumento significativo en la CFR desde antes y hasta después del tratamiento y una disminución significativa de los síntomas de TEPT. Sin embargo, las puntuaciones de diferencia de CRF no se asociaron con el resultado del tratamiento.

          Conclusiones: Aunque las personas con TEPT pueden mostrar un aumento en el CFR después de un programa intensivo de TFT potenciado con actividad física y una disminución de los síntomas de TEPT, los hallazgos actuales no respaldan la noción de que el resultado del tratamiento está relacionado con la CFR.

           

          背景:已经发现体育活动对创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的症状有积极影响。然而,心肺适能(CRF)对创伤后应激障碍治疗结果的重要性和作用尚不清楚。

          目的:本研究的目的是检验以下假设:CRF会随增加了体育活动的PTSD强化创伤焦点治疗(TFT)提高,且提高的CRF与PTSD症状的明显下降相关。

          方法:108名重度PTSD患者(72%为女性;平均年龄为40.44,标准差为11.55)连续2周参加8天的强化TFT计划,包括每日延长暴露(PE),眼动脱敏与再加工疗法(EMDR)和每天6小时的体育活动。在基线和治疗后使用6分钟步行测试(6MWT),并在子样本中使用次极限测力计测试(PWC75%每千克)评估CRF水平。用自评式PTSD症状量表(PSS-SR)测量PTSD症状的严重程度。

          结果:发现治疗前后CRF显著提高,PTSD症状显著降低。然而,CRF的分数差异与治疗结果并无相关。

          结论:尽管患有PTSD的个体可能在参与增加了体育活动的强化TFT计划后CRF有所提高且PTSD症状有所下降,本研究结果并不支持治疗结果与CRF有关。

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          Most cited references27

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          The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation in Military Veterans.

          The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) is an extensively validated and widely used structured diagnostic interview for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The CAPS was recently revised to correspond with PTSD criteria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This article describes the development of the CAPS for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and presents the results of an initial psychometric evaluation of CAPS-5 scores in 2 samples of military veterans (Ns = 165 and 207). CAPS-5 diagnosis demonstrated strong interrater reliability (к = .78 to 1.00, depending on the scoring rule) and test-retest reliability (к = .83), as well as strong correspondence with a diagnosis based on the CAPS for DSM-IV (CAPS-IV; к = .84 when optimally calibrated). CAPS-5 total severity score demonstrated high internal consistency (α = .88) and interrater reliability (ICC = .91) and good test-retest reliability (ICC = .78). It also demonstrated good convergent validity with total severity score on the CAPS-IV (r = .83) and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (r = .66) and good discriminant validity with measures of anxiety, depression, somatization, functional impairment, psychopathy, and alcohol abuse (rs = .02 to .54). Overall, these results indicate that the CAPS-5 is a psychometrically sound measure of DSM-5 PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity. Importantly, the CAPS-5 strongly corresponds with the CAPS-IV, which suggests that backward compatibility with the CAPS-IV was maintained and that the CAPS-5 provides continuity in evidence-based assessment of PTSD in the transition from DSM-IV to DSM-5 criteria. (PsycINFO Database Record
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            Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder

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              • Article: not found

              Physical activity in the treatment of Post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

              People with PTSD experience high levels of cardiovascular disease and comorbid mental health problems. Physical activity (PA) is an effective intervention in the general population. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of PA on PTSD. We searched major electronic databases from inception till 03/2015 for RCTs of PA interventions among people with PTSD. A random effects meta-analysis calculating hedges g was conducted. From a potential of 812 hits, four unique RCTs met the inclusion criteria (n=200, mean age of participants 34-52 years). The methodological quality of included trials was satisfactory, and no major adverse events were reported. PA was significantly more effective compared to control conditions at decreasing PTSD and depressive symptoms among people with PTSD. There was insufficient data to investigate the effect on anthropometric or cardiometabolic outcomes. Results suggest that PA may be a useful adjunct to usual care to improve the health of people with PTSD. Although there is a relative paucity of data, there is reason to be optimistic for including PA as an intervention for people with PTSD, particularly given the overwhelming evidence of the benefits of PA in the general population. Robust effectiveness and implementation studies are required.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                ZEPT
                zept20
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                2019
                20 August 2019
                : 10
                : 1
                : 1654783
                Affiliations
                [a ]Research Department, PSYTREC , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
                [b ]Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, Nijmegen , The Netherlands
                [c ]Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [d ]Institute of Health and Society, University of Worcester , Worcester, UK
                [e ]School of Psychology, Queen’s University , Belfast, Northern Ireland
                [f ]Phrenos Center of Expertise for severe mental illness , Utrecht, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                CONTACT Eline M. Voorendonk voorendonk@ 123456psytrec.com PSYTREC , Professor Bronkhorstlaan 2, 3723 MB Bilthoven, The Netherlands

                *Present affiliation for Sarita A. Sanches is Phrenos Center of Expertise for severe mental illness, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7554-8343
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-927X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6031-9708
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3099-8444
                Article
                1654783
                10.1080/20008198.2019.1654783
                6713160
                31489139
                504cd3d5-96d2-467b-8be4-ddf0ec2c3915
                © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 19 April 2019
                : 25 July 2019
                : 29 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, References: 44, Pages: 11
                Categories
                Clinical Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                post-traumatic stress disorder,physical activity,cardiorespiratory fitness,intensive trauma-focused treatment,6-minute walk test,submaximal ergometer test,trastorno de estrés postraumático,actividad física,estado físico cardiorrespiratorio,tratamiento intensivo centrado-en-el-trauma,prueba de caminata de 6 minutos,prueba de ergómetro submáxima,创伤后应激障碍,体育活动,心肺适能,强化创伤焦点治疗,6分钟步行测试,次极限测力计测试,• ptsd patients showed markers of poor physical health at baseline.• besides ptsd symptoms, patients’ crf and blood pressure improved after 8 days of treatment.• no association was found between crf improvement and treatment outcome.

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