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      Changes in Tissue Oxygen Saturation in Response to Different Calf Compression Sleeves

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          Abstract

          Aim. The purpose was to examine the changes in tissue oxygen saturation (StO 2) in response to the application of different commercially available calf compression sleeves. Methods. Eight subjects came to the laboratory to complete a session in seated position including 10 min of quiet rest followed by 3 min measuring calf StO 2 without compression sleeves and then alternating of 3 min of passive rest and 3 min measuring StO 2 with calf compression sleeves. A total of 15 different commercially available compression sleeves were studied in a randomized order. Calf StO 2 was recorded using near-infrared spectroscopy. Results. StO 2 was significantly increased with all compression sleeves ( p < 0.05) compared with no compression (from +6.9% for the least effective to +22.6% for the most effective). Large differences were observed between compression sleeves ( p < 0.05). StO 2 was positively correlated with compression pressure ( p < 0.05; r = 0.84). Conclusion. This study shows that wearing compression sleeves from various brands differently affects tissue oxygen saturation. Differences were linked to the compression pressure: higher compression pressures were associated with higher StO 2.

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          Principles, techniques, and limitations of near infrared spectroscopy.

          Marco Ferrari, Leonardo Mottola, Valentina Quaresima (2004)
          In the last decade the study of the human brain and muscle energetics underwent a radical change, thanks to the progressive introduction of noninvasive techniques, including near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (NIRS). This review summarizes the most recent literature about the principles, techniques, advantages, limitations, and applications of NIRS in exercise physiology and neuroscience. The main NIRS instrumentations and measurable parameters will be reported. NIR light (700-1000 m) penetrates superficial layers (skin, subcutaneous fat, skull, etc.) and is either absorbed by chromophores (oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin and myoglobin) or scattered within the tissue. NIRS is a noninvasive and relatively low-cost optical technique that is becoming a widely used instrument for measuring tissue O2 saturation, changes in hemoglobin volume and, indirectly, brain/muscle blood flow and muscle O2 consumption. Tissue O2 saturation represents a dynamic balance between O2 supply and O2 consumption in the small vessels such as the capillary, arteriolar, and venular bed. The possibility of measuring the cortical activation in response to different stimuli, and the changes in the cortical cytochrome oxidase redox state upon O2 delivery changes, will also be mentioned.
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            Compression garments and recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage: a meta-analysis.

            Jessica Hill, Glyn Howatson, Ken van Someren … (2014)
            The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of compression garments on recovery following damaging exercise. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using studies that evaluated the efficacy of compression garments on measures of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), muscular strength, muscular power and creatine kinase (CK). Studies were extracted from a literature search of online databases. Data were extracted from 12 studies, where variables were measured at baseline and at 24 or 48 or 72 h postexercise. Analysis of pooled data indicated that the use of compression garments had a moderate effect in reducing the severity of DOMS (Hedges' g=0.403, 95% CI 0.236 to 0.569, p<0.001), muscle strength (Hedges' g=0.462, 95% CI 0.221 to 0.703, p<0.001), muscle power (Hedges' g=0.487, 95% CI 0.267 to 0.707, p<0.001) and CK (Hedges' g=0.439, 95% CI 0.171 to 0.706, p<0.001). These results indicate that compression garments are effective in enhancing recovery from muscle damage.
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              External compression increases forearm perfusion.

              Hartmut Rödel, Volker Hietschold, Joan Haase … (2005)
              Application of compression stockings to the lower extremities is a widely used therapeutic intervention to improve venous return, but there is little information about the effects of compression on local arterial perfusion. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that a positive external pressure increases forearm perfusion. The relation of increasing external pressure induced by standardized compression to the arterial inflow and arterial flow reserve of the forearm was critically evaluated in a group of healthy young men (n = 9). Flow was measured with venous occlusion plethysmography after a 10-min application of six different stockings with compression pressure increasing from 13 to 23 mmHg. During compression, the arterial inflow increased significantly from 3.7 +/- 0.85 to 8.8 +/- 2.01 ml.min(-1).100 ml tissue(-1) (P < 0.001) and the arterial flow reserve increased from 17.7 +/- 4.7 to 28.3 +/- 7.0 ml.min(-1).100 ml tissue(-1). The flow increase was persistent after 3 h of constant application of external pressure and also during simultaneous low-intensity hand grip. Similar results obtained with occlusion plethysmography were seen with MRI. During the interventions, forearm temperature was unchanged, and the volunteers reported no discomfort. In conclusion, 1) arterial perfusion of the human forearm increases more than twofold during application of external compression over a pressure range of 13-23 mmHg, and 2) the result is interpreted as an autoregulatory response following the decrease of the vascular transmural pressure gradient.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Sports Med (Hindawi Publ Corp)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Sports Med (Hindawi Publ Corp)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JSM
                Title: Journal of sports medicine
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2356-7651
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6176
                Publication date (Print): 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 September 2015
                Volume: 2015
                Electronic Location Identifier: 857904
                Affiliations
                1EA3920 Marqueurs Pronostiques et Facteurs de Régulations des Pathologies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Plateforme Exercice Performance Santé Innovation, SFR FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
                2Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
                3Physiologie-Exploration Fonctionnelles, CHRU de Besançon, France
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Adrian W. Midgley

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2015/857904
                PMC ID: 4590978
                SO-VID: 5042895d-92ab-4084-92bb-b311ad151fb6
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 T. Dermont et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 6 July 2015
                Date accepted : 18 August 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

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