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      Tratamiento de la escoliosis neuromuscular en niños pequeños con parálisis cerebral espástica grave: revisión sistemática de la bibliografía

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: El riesgo de desarrollar escoliosis de comienzo temprano es alto en niños con parálisis cerebral espástica, nivel IV y V del GMFCS. No hay acuerdo sobre el tratamiento para niños <5-6 años y esta revisión sistemática se centra en este tópico. Materiales y Métodos: Búsqueda en PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, BVS/BIREME, LILACS y SciELO, entre enero de 2009 y noviembre de 2020, con los descriptores: “cerebral palsy, scoliosis, early-onset, treatment”. Se eliminaron los artículos duplicados, no relacionados con la investigación, sin texto completo, con pocos pacientes con parálisis cerebral espástica, sin discriminación etiológica, sin resultados y con edad avanzada. Evaluaciones: nivel de evidencia, edad, nivel del GMFCS, tipo de deformidades, tratamientos, seguimiento, resultados y complicaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10 de 6770 artículos: 8 con nivel de evidencia IV, edad: 3.2-10 años, deformidad predominante: escoliosis, seguimiento: 1.5-9.8 años. Tratamientos: barras de crecimiento tradicionales o magnéticas, fusión instrumentada precoz, yesos, ortesis y prótesis costal expandible de titanio. La fusión precoz instrumentada logra una corrección ≥75% del ángulo de Cobb; las barras de crecimiento, las ortesis o la prótesis costal expandible de titanio, el 25-50%, y los yesos solo logran mantenerla. La tasa de complicaciones es menor en los tratamientos incruentos (5,8-36%) que en los quirúrgicos (21,5-73,1%). Las tasas de complicaciones quirúrgicas y de muerte poscirugía en espásticos son mayores que en hipotónicos. Conclusiones: La cirugía no es una buena opción inicial para las escoliosis de comienzo temprano en niños pequeños con parálisis cerebral espástica, nivel IV y V del GMFCS.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Children with GMFCS IV and V spastic cerebral palsy (CP) are at risk of developing early-onset scoliosis (EOS). There is no agreement about treatment for very young children (less than 5 or 6 years old). This systematic review focuses on this problem. Materials and Methods: We conducted a search in the PubMed, Scholar Google, Cochrane Library, BVS/BIREME, LILACS, and SCIELO databases from 1/2009 to 11/2020, using the following keywords: “cerebral palsy”, “scoliosis”, “early-onset”, “treatment”. We eliminated duplicated articles, those with unrelated research, without complete text, with very few spastic CP patients or patients aged over 6, and without clear etiology or results. The variables evaluated in the selected articles were: level of evidence, average age, GMFCS level, deformity types, treatments, follow-up, outcomes, and complications. Results: From the 6770 articles retrieved, only 10 were included: 8/10 with evidence level IV, average ages 3.2 to 10 years old, scoliosis as prevalent deformity, average follow-up 1.5 to 9.8 years. Treatment: traditional growing rods (3), magnetic growing rods (1), early instrumented fusion (2), casting (1), orthotics (2), and VEPTR (1). Early instrumented fusion provides ≥75% of Cobb correction; growing rods, orthotics, and VEPTR, between 25 and 50%, and plaster casts only prevent progression. Non-surgical treatments have a lower rate of complications (5.8%-36%) than surgical ones (21.5% - 73.1%). Surgical complications and postoperative mortality are higher in spastic than in hypotonic patients. Conclusions: Surgery is not a good initial option in very young children with spastic, GMFCS IV-V CP.

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          An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

          The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive update on (1) the overall prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP); (2) the prevalence of CP in relation to birthweight; and (3) the prevalence of CP in relation to gestational age. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported, based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) statement. Population-based studies on the prevalence of CP in children born in 1985 or after were selected. Statistical analysis was carried out using computer package R, version 2.14. A total of 49 studies were selected for this review. The pooled overall prevalence of CP was 2.11 per 1000 live births (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.98-2.25). The prevalence of CP stratified by gestational age group showed the highest pooled prevalence to be in children weighing 1000 to 1499g at birth (59.18 per 1000 live births; 95% CI 53.06-66.01), although there was no significant difference on pairwise meta-regression with children weighing less than 1000g. The prevalence of CP expressed by gestational age was highest in children born before 28 weeks' gestation (111.80 per 1000 live births; 95% CI 69.53-179.78; p<0.0327). The overall prevalence of CP has remained constant in recent years despite increased survival of at-risk preterm infants. © The Authors. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology © 2013 Mac Keith Press.
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            Development and initial validation of the Classification of Early-Onset Scoliosis (C-EOS).

            Early-onset scoliosis is a heterogeneous condition, with highly variable manifestations and natural history. No standardized classification system exists to describe and group patients, to guide optimal care, or to prognosticate outcomes within this population. A classification system for early-onset scoliosis is thus a necessary prerequisite to the timely evolution of care of these patients.
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              Scoliosis in a total population of children with cerebral palsy.

              Epidemiological total population study based on a prospective follow-up cerebral palsy (CP) registry. To describe the prevalence of scoliosis in a total population of children with CP, to analyze the relation between scoliosis, gross motor function, and CP subtype, and to describe the age at diagnosis of scoliosis. Children with CP have an increased risk of developing scoliosis. The reported incidence varies, partly due to different definitions and study groups. Knowledge of the prevalence and characteristics of scoliosis in an unselected group of children with different CP types and levels of function is important for health care planning and for analyzing the risk in an individual child. A total population of 666 children with CP, aged 4 to 18 years on January 1, 2008, followed with annual examinations in a health care program was analyzed. Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, CP subtype, age at clinical diagnosis of scoliosis, and the Cobb angle at the first radiographical examination were registered. Of the 666 children, 116 (17%) had mild and another 76 (11%) had moderate or severe scoliosis based on clinical examination. Radiographical examination showed a Cobb angle of more than 10° in 54 (8%) children and a Cobb angle of more than 20° in 45 (7%) children. The risk of developing scoliosis increased with GMFCS level and age. In most children, the scoliosis was diagnosed after 8 years of age. Children in GMFCS level IV or V had a 50% risk of having moderate or severe scoliosis by 18 years of age, whereas children in GMFCS level I or II had almost no risk. The incidence of scoliosis increased with GMFCS level and age. Observed variations related to CP subtype were confounded by the GMFCS, reflecting the different distribution of GMFCS levels in the subtypes. Follow-up programs for early detection of scoliosis should be based on the child's GMFCS level and age.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                raaot
                Revista de la Asociación Argentina de Ortopedia y Traumatología
                Rev. Asoc. Argent. Ortop. Traumatol.
                Asociación Argentina de Ortopedia y Traumatología (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                1852-7434
                May 2022
                : 87
                : 3
                : 422-432
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameHospital Pediátrico “Dr. Avelino Castelán” Argentina manzonepatricio@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S1852-74342022000300422 S1852-7434(22)08700300422
                10.15417/issn.1852-7434.2022.87.3.1330
                503164cd-041a-4c9d-8452-4baccbc7b93d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 November 2021
                : 02 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 49, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Revisiòn sistematica

                Parálisis cerebral,espasticidad,escoliosis,comienzo temprano,tratamiento,Cerebral palsy,spasticity,scoliosis,early-onset,treatment

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