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      Associations between media exposure and mental health among children and parents after the Great East Japan Earthquake Translated title: Asociaciones entre exposición a medios y salud mental entre niños y padres después del Gran Terremoto del Este de Japón Translated title: 东日本大地震后媒体暴露与儿童和父母心理健康之间的关联

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Exposure to natural disaster media coverage is associated with mental health problems, but its long-term impacts are still unclear. Also, no study has analysed the psychological impact of exposure to natural disaster media coverage among children who are generally sensitive to threatening events.

          Objective: We aimed to examine how television images of victims after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake were associated with mental health among children and their parents.

          Methods: In 2012, questionnaires for sociodemographic factors were distributed to 2053 families. Parents who provided written consent were contacted in 2013 and invited to provide information on mental health problems (outcome) and retrospectively provide information on television watching at the time of the earthquake (exposure). We used data from 159 parents who completed the survey as the final sample. We used a dichotomous variable to evaluate exposure to media coverage. Multivariable regression was used to examine the association between exposure to television images of victims and mental health, adjusting for potential confounders. Bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) were used.

          Results: Exposure to television images of victims was significantly associated with worse psychopathology among children ( β, 1.51; 95% CI, 0.07–2.96) and greater psychological distress among their parents ( β, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.28–2.70). Child psychopathology and parental psychological distress were significantly correlated ( r =  0.36, p < .001).

          Conclusions: Exposure to television images of disaster victims may produce long-term impacts on mental health among children and their parents. To reduce the likelihood of mental health problems associated with disasters, clinicians may recommend reducing exposure to television images of victims.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Television images of victims after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake were associated with worse psychopathology among children in 2013, adjusted for potential confounders.

          • Similar associations were found in psychological distress among their parents.

          • Child psychopathology and parental psychological distress were correlated with each other.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: La exposición a la cobertura en los medios de los desastres naturales se asocia a problemas de salud mental, pero sus impactos en el largo plazo todavía no están claros. Además, ningún estudio ha analizado el impacto psicológico de la exposición a la cobertura en los medios de desastres naturales en los niños, quienes son generalmente sensibles a eventos amenazantes.

          Objetivo: Buscamos examinar cómo las imágenes en televisión de las víctimas luego del Gran Terremoto del este de Japón en 2011 se asociaron a la salud mental en los niños y sus padres.

          Métodos: En 2012, se distribuyeron cuestionarios de factores sociodemográficos a 2.053 familias. Los padres que proveyeron consentimiento escrito fueron contactados en 2013 e invitados a proveer información de problemas de salud mental (resultado) y retrospectivamente proveer información sobre la observación de televisión al momento del terremoto (exposición). Utilizamos los datos de 159 padres que completaron la encuesta como la muestra final. Usamos una variable dicotómica para evaluar la exposición a la cobertura mediática. Se utilizó regresión multivariable para examinar la asociación entre la exposición a imágenes de víctimas en televisión y salud mental, ajustando por potenciales confundentes. Se usaron intervalos de confianza de arranque corregidos por sesgos y acelerados.

          Resultados: La exposición a imágenes de víctimas en televisión se asoció significativamente con peor psicopatología entre los niños ( β, 1.51; IC del 95% 0.07 a 2.96) y mayor sufrimiento psicológico entre sus padres ( β, 1.49; IC del 95% 0.28 a 2.70). La psicopatología de los niños y el sufrimiento psicológico de los padres estaban correlacionados de forma significativa ( r = 0.36, p < .001).

          Conclusiones: La exposición a imágenes de víctimas de desastres en televisión puede producir impactos a largo plazo en la salud mental de los niños y sus padres. Para reducir la probabilidad de problemas de salud mental asociados con desastres, los clínicos pueden recomendar disminuir la exposición a imágenes de víctimas en televisión.

          Translated abstract

          背景:暴露于自然灾害媒体报道与心理健康问题有关,但其长期影响仍不清楚。 此外,还没有研究分析过自然灾害媒体报道对于总体对威胁事件敏感的儿童的心理影响。

          目的:我们旨在研究 2011 年东日本大地震后受害者电视图像如何与儿童及其父母的心理健康相关联。

          方法:2012年向2053户家庭发放社会人口因素问卷。 2013年联系了提供书面同意的父母,并邀请他们提供有关心理健康问题(结果)的信息,并回顾性地提供地震发生时看电视的信息(暴露)。 我们使用完成调查的 159 位家长的数据作为最终样本。 我们使用二分变量来评估媒体报道的暴露率。使用多变量回归考查受害者电视图像暴露与心理健康之间的关联,控制了潜在的混杂因素。 使用偏差校正和加速自举置信区间 (CI)。

          结果:接触受害人电视图像与儿童较差的心理病理(β,1.51;95% CI,0.07 至 2.96)和父母较大的心理困扰(β,1.49;95% CI,0.28 至 2.70)显著相关。 儿童精神病和父母心理困扰显著相关( r = 0.36, p < .001)。

          结论:接触灾难受害者电视图像可能对儿童及其父母的心理健康产生长期影响。 为了减少与灾难相关的心理健康问题的可能性,临床医生可能会建议减少接触受害者电视图像。

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          CONFIDENCE LIMITS ON PHYLOGENIES: AN APPROACH USING THE BOOTSTRAP.

          The recently-developed statistical method known as the "bootstrap" can be used to place confidence intervals on phylogenies. It involves resampling points from one's own data, with replacement, to create a series of bootstrap samples of the same size as the original data. Each of these is analyzed, and the variation among the resulting estimates taken to indicate the size of the error involved in making estimates from the original data. In the case of phylogenies, it is argued that the proper method of resampling is to keep all of the original species while sampling characters with replacement, under the assumption that the characters have been independently drawn by the systematist and have evolved independently. Majority-rule consensus trees can be used to construct a phylogeny showing all of the inferred monophyletic groups that occurred in a majority of the bootstrap samples. If a group shows up 95% of the time or more, the evidence for it is taken to be statistically significant. Existing computer programs can be used to analyze different bootstrap samples by using weights on the characters, the weight of a character being how many times it was drawn in bootstrap sampling. When all characters are perfectly compatible, as envisioned by Hennig, bootstrap sampling becomes unnecessary; the bootstrap method would show significant evidence for a group if it is defined by three or more characters.
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            User's guide to correlation coefficients

            When writing a manuscript, we often use words such as perfect, strong, good or weak to name the strength of the relationship between variables. However, it is unclear where a good relationship turns into a strong one. The same strength of r is named differently by several researchers. Therefore, there is an absolute necessity to explicitly report the strength and direction of r while reporting correlation coefficients in manuscripts. This article aims to familiarize medical readers with several different correlation coefficients reported in medical manuscripts, clarify confounding aspects and summarize the naming practices for the strength of correlation coefficients.
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              The new statistics: why and how.

              We need to make substantial changes to how we conduct research. First, in response to heightened concern that our published research literature is incomplete and untrustworthy, we need new requirements to ensure research integrity. These include prespecification of studies whenever possible, avoidance of selection and other inappropriate data-analytic practices, complete reporting, and encouragement of replication. Second, in response to renewed recognition of the severe flaws of null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST), we need to shift from reliance on NHST to estimation and other preferred techniques. The new statistics refers to recommended practices, including estimation based on effect sizes, confidence intervals, and meta-analysis. The techniques are not new, but adopting them widely would be new for many researchers, as well as highly beneficial. This article explains why the new statistics are important and offers guidance for their use. It describes an eight-step new-statistics strategy for research with integrity, which starts with formulation of research questions in estimation terms, has no place for NHST, and is aimed at building a cumulative quantitative discipline.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                12 January 2023
                2023
                12 January 2023
                : 14
                : 1
                : 2163127
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry , Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
                [b ]Department of Clinical Data Science, Clinical Research & Education Promotion Division, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry , Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
                [c ]Endowed Course for Health System Innovation, Keio University School of Medicine , Minato, Tokyo, Japan
                [d ]Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry , Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
                [e ]National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
                [f ]Institute of Education and Human Development, Ochanomizu University , Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
                Author notes
                [CONTACT ] Zui Narita zuinarita@ 123456ncnp.go.jp Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry , 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
                [*]

                Co-first authors.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7022-2141
                Article
                2163127
                10.1080/20008066.2022.2163127
                9848268
                37052091
                5021bdf7-e3bc-43e1-963e-92a44facfb9d
                © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 54, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Basic Research Article
                Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                television exposure,natural disasters,psychopathology,psychological distress,japan,exposición a televisión,desastres naturales,psicopatología,sufrimiento psicológico,japón,电视暴露,自然灾害,心理病理学,心理困扰,日本

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