Tracking Systems in Team Sports: A Narrative Review of Applications of the Data and Sport Specific Analysis

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Abstract

Seeking to obtain a competitive advantage and manage the risk of injury, team sport organisations are investing in tracking systems that can quantify training and competition characteristics. It is expected that such information can support objective decision-making for the prescription and manipulation of training load. This narrative review aims to summarise, and critically evaluate, different tracking systems and their use within team sports. The selection of systems should be dependent upon the context of the sport and needs careful consideration by practitioners. The selection of metrics requires a critical process to be able to describe, plan, monitor and evaluate training and competition characteristics of each sport. An emerging consideration for tracking systems data is the selection of suitable time analysis, such as temporal durations, peak demands or time series segmentation, whose best use depends on the temporal characteristics of the sport. Finally, examples of characteristics and the application of tracking data across seven popular team sports are presented. Practitioners working in specific team sports are advised to follow a critical thinking process, with a healthy dose of scepticism and awareness of appropriate theoretical frameworks, where possible, when creating new or selecting an existing metric to profile team sport athletes.

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Most cited references 166

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Monitoring Training Load to Understand Fatigue in Athletes

Shona L. Halson (2014)

Many athletes, coaches, and support staff are taking an increasingly scientific approach to both designing and monitoring training programs. Appropriate load monitoring can aid in determining whether an athlete is adapting to a training program and in minimizing the risk of developing non-functional overreaching, illness, and/or injury. In order to gain an understanding of the training load and its effect on the athlete, a number of potential markers are available for use. However, very few of these markers have strong scientific evidence supporting their use, and there is yet to be a single, definitive marker described in the literature. Research has investigated a number of external load quantifying and monitoring tools, such as power output measuring devices, time-motion analysis, as well as internal load unit measures, including perception of effort, heart rate, blood lactate, and training impulse. Dissociation between external and internal load units may reveal the state of fatigue of an athlete. Other monitoring tools used by high-performance programs include heart rate recovery, neuromuscular function, biochemical/hormonal/immunological assessments, questionnaires and diaries, psychomotor speed, and sleep quality and quantity. The monitoring approach taken with athletes may depend on whether the athlete is engaging in individual or team sport activity; however, the importance of individualization of load monitoring cannot be over emphasized. Detecting meaningful changes with scientific and statistical approaches can provide confidence and certainty when implementing change. Appropriate monitoring of training load can provide important information to athletes and coaches; however, monitoring systems should be intuitive, provide efficient data analysis and interpretation, and enable efficient reporting of simple, yet scientifically valid, feedback.

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Monitoring Athlete Training Loads: Consensus Statement.

Pitre Bourdon, Marco Cardinale, Andrew Murray … (2017)

Monitoring the load placed on athletes in both training and competition has become a very hot topic in sport science. Both scientists and coaches routinely monitor training loads using multidisciplinary approaches, and the pursuit of the best methodologies to capture and interpret data has produced an exponential increase in empirical and applied research. Indeed, the field has developed with such speed in recent years that it has given rise to industries aimed at developing new and novel paradigms to allow us to precisely quantify the internal and external loads placed on athletes and to help protect them from injury and ill health. In February 2016, a conference on "Monitoring Athlete Training Loads-The Hows and the Whys" was convened in Doha, Qatar, which brought together experts from around the world to share their applied research and contemporary practices in this rapidly growing field and also to investigate where it may branch to in the future. This consensus statement brings together the key findings and recommendations from this conference in a shared conceptual framework for use by coaches, sport-science and -medicine staff, and other related professionals who have an interest in monitoring athlete training loads and serves to provide an outline on what athlete-load monitoring is and how it is being applied in research and practice, why load monitoring is important and what the underlying rationale and prospective goals of monitoring are, and where athlete-load monitoring is heading in the future.

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The evolution of physical and technical performance parameters in the English Premier League.

C C Barnes, D Archer, B Hogg … (2014)

This study examined the evolution of physical and technical soccer performance across a 7-season period in the English Premier League. Match performance observations (n=14 700) were analysed for emergent trends. Total distance covered during a match was ~2% lower in 2006-07 compared to 2012-13. Across 7 seasons, high-intensity running distance and actions increased by ~30% (890±299 vs. 1 151±337 m, p 0.6), the number of long passes varied little (p<0.001; ES: 0.11). This data demonstrates evolution of physical and technical parameters in the English Premier League, and could be used to aid talent identification, training and conditioning preparation.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Lorena Torres-Ronda:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4589-7961

lorenatorres07@yahoo.es

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sports Med Open

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sports Med Open

Title: Sports Medicine - Open

Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )

ISSN (Print): 2199-1170

ISSN (Electronic): 2198-9761

Publication date (Electronic): 25 January 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 25 January 2022

Publication date Collection: December 2022

Volume: 8

Electronic Location Identifier: 15

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.1019.9, ISNI 0000 0001 0396 9544, Institute for Health and Sport, , Victoria University, ; Melbourne, Australia

[2 ]Spanish Basketball Federation, Madrid, Spain

[3 ]Sports Performance, Buffalo Bills, Buffalo, USA

[4 ]GRID grid.10346.30, ISNI 0000 0001 0745 8880, Carnegie School of Sport, , Leeds Beckett University, ; Leeds, UK

[5 ]Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, UK

[6 ]GRID grid.117476.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7611, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, , University of Technology Sydney, ; Sydney, Australia

Author information

Lorena Torres-Ronda http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4589-7961

Jo Clubb http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6509-7531

Article

Publisher ID: 408

DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00408-z

PMC ID: 8789973

PubMed ID: 35076796

SO-VID: 50066ee2-90b1-44a8-a027-ab4abcac75dc

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 23 February 2021

Date accepted : 2 January 2022

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Keywords: global position,optical tracking,radio frequency systems,technology,performance

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Keywords: global position, optical tracking, radio frequency systems, technology, performance

Tracking Systems in Team Sports: A Narrative Review of Applications of the Data and Sport Specific Analysis

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Technology, Mind, and Behavior

Most cited references 166

Monitoring Training Load to Understand Fatigue in Athletes

Monitoring Athlete Training Loads: Consensus Statement.

The evolution of physical and technical performance parameters in the English Premier League.

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