Insights into the genetic architecture of morphological traits in two passerine bird species

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Mapping genes for complex traits in domestic animals and their use in breeding programmes.

Michael E Goddard, Ben J. Hayes (2009)

Genome-wide panels of SNPs have recently been used in domestic animal species to map and identify genes for many traits and to select genetically desirable livestock. This has led to the discovery of the causal genes and mutations for several single-gene traits but not for complex traits. However, the genetic merit of animals can still be estimated by genomic selection, which uses genome-wide SNP panels as markers and statistical methods that capture the effects of large numbers of SNPs simultaneously. This approach is expected to double the rate of genetic improvement per year in many livestock systems.

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Sex-dependent dominance at a single locus maintains variation in age at maturity in salmon.

Nicola Barson, Tutku Aykanat, Kjetil Hindar … (2015)

Males and females share many traits that have a common genetic basis; however, selection on these traits often differs between the sexes, leading to sexual conflict. Under such sexual antagonism, theory predicts the evolution of genetic architectures that resolve this sexual conflict. Yet, despite intense theoretical and empirical interest, the specific loci underlying sexually antagonistic phenotypes have rarely been identified, limiting our understanding of how sexual conflict impacts genome evolution and the maintenance of genetic diversity. Here we identify a large effect locus controlling age at maturity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), an important fitness trait in which selection favours earlier maturation in males than females, and show it is a clear example of sex-dependent dominance that reduces intralocus sexual conflict and maintains adaptive variation in wild populations. Using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism data across 57 wild populations and whole genome re-sequencing, we find that the vestigial-like family member 3 gene (VGLL3) exhibits sex-dependent dominance in salmon, promoting earlier and later maturation in males and females, respectively. VGLL3, an adiposity regulator associated with size and age at maturity in humans, explained 39% of phenotypic variation, an unexpectedly large proportion for what is usually considered a highly polygenic trait. Such large effects are predicted under balancing selection from either sexually antagonistic or spatially varying selection. Our results provide the first empirical example of dominance reversal allowing greater optimization of phenotypes within each sex, contributing to the resolution of sexual conflict in a major and widespread evolutionary trade-off between age and size at maturity. They also provide key empirical evidence for how variation in reproductive strategies can be maintained over large geographical scales. We anticipate these findings will have a substantial impact on population management in a range of harvested species where trends towards earlier maturation have been observed.

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Understanding quantitative genetic variation.

N H Barton, P. Keightley (2002)

Until recently, it was impracticable to identify the genes that are responsible for variation in continuous traits, or to directly observe the effects of their different alleles. Now, the abundance of genetic markers has made it possible to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL)--the regions of a chromosome or, ideally, individual sequence variants that are responsible for trait variation. What kind of QTL do we expect to find and what can our observations of QTL tell us about how organisms evolve? The key to understanding the evolutionary significance of QTL is to understand the nature of inherited variation, not in the immediate mechanistic sense of how genes influence phenotype, but, rather, to know what evolutionary forces maintain genetic variability.

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Title: Heredity

Abbreviated Title: Heredity

Publisher: Springer Nature

ISSN (Print): 0018-067X

ISSN (Electronic): 1365-2540

Publication date Created: June 14 2017

Publication date (Print): June 14 2017

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DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2017.29

PMC ID: 5555097

PubMed ID: 28613280

SO-VID: 4ffc5ded-9b7d-40ea-9e1f-6dc7b15bc3ac

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Insights into the genetic architecture of morphological traits in two passerine bird species

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Most cited references 25

Mapping genes for complex traits in domestic animals and their use in breeding programmes.

Sex-dependent dominance at a single locus maintains variation in age at maturity in salmon.

Understanding quantitative genetic variation.

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