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      "Breast milk is important": what do nursing mothers in Fortaleza think about breastfeeding? Translated title: “Leite materno é importante”: o que pensam as nutrizes de Fortaleza sobre amamentação

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objectives: to analyze the meaning of breastfeeding for nursing mothers, users of the public health network in Fortaleza city, Ceará. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out with nursing mothers from nine health units. The data were collected through the application of a socioeconomic and health questionnaire and the Word Free Association Test, using "breastfeeding" as an induced stimulus. The terms referred to in the Word Free Association Test were grouped into categories and analyzed by the EVOC 2000 ®software, which showed the results in a fourcell table, where the categories were distributed according to the level of meaning to the mothers. Results: the sample consisted of 279 nursing mothers. More than 60% of these women referred in receiving guidance on breastfeeding in prenatal, puerperal and childcare consultations, and 68% of them reported having no difficulties in breastfeeding. The most significant categories identified by the Word Free Association Test were: Milk, Important, Health, and Love. Conclusions: for the nursing mothers, breastfeeding is an important practice, represented by the breast milk itself, which is permeated by positive meanings. Knowing these meanings helps to understand the factors associated to early weaning, making it possible to reconstruct care directed to this public.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Objetivos: analisar os significados da amamentação para as nutrizes da rede pública de saúde da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Métodos: realizou-se um estudo transversal com nutrizes de nove unidades de saúde. Os dados foram coletados a partir da aplicação de um questionário socioeconômico e de saúde e do Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras, utilizando o estímulo indutor “amamentação”. Os termos referidos no Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras foram agrupados em categorias e analisados pelo software EVOC 2000®, que mostrou os resultados em um quadro com quatro quadrantes, onde as categorias estavam distribuídas conforme o seu grau de significado para as mães. Resultados: a amostra foi de 279 nutrizes. Mais de 60% dessas mulheres referiram ter recebido orientação sobre aleitamento materno nas consultas de pré-natal, puerpério e puericultura e 68% delas não relatou dificuldades em praticar a amamentação. As categorias mais significativas, identificadas pelo Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras, foram: Leite, Importante, Saúde e Amor. Conclusões: para as nutrizes, a amamentação é uma prática importante, representada pelo próprio leite materno, que está permeada de significados positivos. Conhecer esses significados auxilia na compreensão dos fatores associados ao desmame precoce, possibilitando o remodelamento da assistência dirigida a esse público.

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          Breastfeeding and the risk of respiratory tract infections after infancy: The Generation R Study

          Background The protection of breastfeeding against respiratory tract infections in the first year of life has often been suggested. Few studies examined the effect of breastfeeding on respiratory tract infections after infancy. Objective To examine the association between breastfeeding with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) after infancy up to 4 years of age (n = 5322). Methods This study was embedded in The Generation R study, a Dutch population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until young adulthood. Information on breastfeeding duration (never; <3 months; 3–6 months; ≥6 months) and dose (never; partially until 4 months; predominantly until 4 months) were collected by questionnaire at 2, 6, and 12 months of age. Information on doctor attendance for LRTI and URTI were obtained by questionnaire at 2, 3, and 4 years of age. Results Breastfeeding for 6 months or longer was significantly associated with a reduced risk of LRTI up to 4 years of age (aOR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.51–0.98). Similar ORs for LRTI were found with breastfeeding for less than 3 months and 3–6 months. Although in the same direction, weaker ORs were found for URTI and breastfeeding duration. The same trend was found for partial and predominant breastfeeding until 4 months and LRTI and URTI. Conclusion Breastfeeding duration for 6 months or longer is associated with a reduced risk of LRTI in pre-school children. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the protective effect of breastfeeding for respiratory tract infections persist after infancy therefore supporting current recommendations for breastfeeding for at least 6 months.
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            Association between postpartum depression and the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in the first three months of life,

            Abstract Objective: To investigate the association between postpartum depression and the occurrence of exclusive breastfeeding. Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the states of the Northeast region, during the vaccination campaign in 2010. The sample consisted of 2583 mother-child pairs, with children aged from 15 days to 3 months. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to screen for postpartum depression. The outcome was lack of exclusive breastfeeding, defined as the occurrence of this practice in the 24 h preceding the interview. Postpartum depression was the explanatory variable of interest and the covariates were: socioeconomic and demographic conditions; maternal health care; prenatal, delivery, and postnatal care; and the child's biological factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to control for possible confounding factors. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding was observed in 50.8% of the infants and 11.8% of women had symptoms of postpartum depression. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a higher chance of exclusive breastfeeding absence was found among mothers with symptoms of postpartum depression (OR = 1.67; p < 0.001), among younger subjects (OR = 1.89; p < 0.001), those who reported receiving benefits from the Bolsa Família Program (OR = 1.25; p = 0.016), and those started antenatal care later during pregnancy (OR = 2.14; p = 0.032). Conclusions: Postpartum depression contributed to reducing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, this disorder should be included in the prenatal and early postpartum support guidelines for breastfeeding, especially in low socioeconomic status women.
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              Duration of exclusive breastfeeding in a Brazilian population: new determinants in a cohort study

              Background Determinants of the duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) differ in effect and magnitude across populations. The present study aimed to identify factors associated with discontinuation of EBF in a municipality in northeastern Brazil, including variables that have received little or no attention in previous literature. Methods This cohort study involved 1,344 mother-child pairs selected from maternity hospitals in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. Subjects were followed up for 6 months through monthly home visits, and discontinuation of EBF was recorded. Possible determinants were tested using Cox’s four-level hierarchical survival model, taking into consideration the temporal proximity of the predisposing factors to interruption of EBF. Median duration of EBF was estimated using Kaplan-Meier’s survival curve. Results Median duration of EBF was 89 days. Out of the 19 variables tested, 9 showed an association with EBF cessation; of these, two had never been evaluated in Brazilian studies, namely, mother partner’s appreciation for breastfeeding (hazard ratio [HR] 0.62; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.48-0.79) and limiting the number of nighttime feeds at the breast (HR 1.58; 95% CI 1.11-2.23). Another two variables that had been previously evaluated, but had never been described as determinants of discontinuation of EBF showed association: presence of cracked nipples (HR 2.54; 95% CI 2.06-3.13) and prenatal care provided by public services (HR 1.34; 95% CI 1.17-1.55). Other variables showing associations with the outcome were: guidance on breastfeeding received at the hospital (HR 0.80; 95% CI 0.68-0.92), birth in a Baby-Friendly Hospital (HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.73-0.99), less than or equal to 8 years of maternal schooling (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.17-1.53), mother working outside the home (HR 1.73; 95% CI 1.53-1.95), and use of a pacifier (HR 1.40; 95% CI 1.14-1.71). Conclusions The study confirmed that the factors associated with EBF duration are multiple, variable, and dependent on the population being evaluated. Characteristics that had never been previously evaluated or described, at least in Brazilian studies, behaved as determinants of EBF in the present study, and thus allow to expand the existing list of factors determining this practice.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbsmi
                Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil
                Rev. Bras. Saude Mater. Infant.
                Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (Recife, PR, Brazil )
                1519-3829
                1806-9304
                March 2019
                : 19
                : 1
                : 157-164
                Affiliations
                [1] Fortaleza Ceará orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Ceará orgdiv1Centro de Ciências da Saúde Brazil lorena_lop@ 123456hotmail.com
                [2] Fortaleza CE orgnameHospital Distrital Gonzaga Mota de Messejana Brasil
                Article
                S1519-38292019000100157
                10.1590/1806-93042019000100009
                4fe46dd2-9da6-4b60-bad6-85e3d0f1f520

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 December 2017
                : 23 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Articles

                Breastfeeding,Mother-Child Relationships,Children's Health,Aleitamento Materno,Relações Mãe-Filho,Saúde da Criança

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