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      Toxicidad in vitro de los herbicidas atrazina y paraquat sobre el crecimiento vegetativo y la esporulación de hongos saprobios del suelo Translated title: In vitro toxicity of the herbicides atrazine and paraquat on vegetative growth and sporulation of saprobic soil fungi

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          Abstract

          El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la toxicidad in vitro de los herbicidas atrazina y paraquat sobre el crecimiento vegetativo y la esporulación de hongos saprobios del suelo. Se realizaron bioensayos dosis-respuesta en trece especies con cuatro concentraciones de atrazina (468, 937, 1875 y 3750 mg/L) y paraquat (93, 187, 375 y 750 mg/L). Los hongos fueron inoculados con 2 μL de una suspensión de 1.0 x 10(6) esporas/mL en cajas de Petri con agar papa dextrosa (APD) adicionado con atrazina y paraquat. Se cuantificó la tasa de crecimiento diaria (TCD), el porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento micelial (% ICM), la esporulación y la concentración efectiva media (CE50). Paecilomyces carneus (0.26 cm²/día) aumentó significativamente su TCD y mantuvo su esporulación (3.7 x 10(5) esporas/mL) a la concentración de 468 mg/L de atrazina. Los % ICM de Paecilomyces carneus, P. marquandii y P lilacinus a 3750 mg/L de atrazina fueron de 22.6 %, 44.4 % y 46.3 %; con una CE50 de 6820 mg/L, 4736 mg/L y 3633 mg/L, respectivamente. El paraquat presentó mayor toxicidad que la atrazina; P. carneus (0.27 cm²/ día) mantuvo significativamente su TCD a las concentraciones de 93 y 187 mg/L de paraquat. Aspergillus tamarii obtuvo la CE50 más alta (256.4 mg/L) de paraquat. El género Paecilomyces spp. y A. tamarii resultaron tolerantes a la atrazina y paraquat, respectivamente. Estas cepas son candidatas para establecer estudios sobre la micorremediación de ambos herbicidas en biotecnología ambiental.

          Translated abstract

          The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro toxicity of the herbicides atrazine and paraquat on vegetative growth and sporulation of saprobic soil fungi. In thirteen strains of fungi isolated from soil, doses-response bioassays were performed with four concentrations of herbicides: atrazine (468, 937, 1875 and 3750 mg/L) and paraquat (93, 187, 375 and 750 mg/L). The fungi were inoculated with 2 μL of a spore suspension (1 x 10(6) spores/mL) in Petri dishes with potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with herbicides. Daily growth rates (DGR), percent inhibition of mycelial growth (% IMG), sporulation and the median effective concentration (EC50) were evaluated. Paecilomyces carneus significantly showed the highest DGR (0.26 cm²/day) and maintained its sporulation rate (3.7 x 10(5) spores/mL) at 468 and 937 mg/L of atrazine. The % IMG of P. carneus, P. marquandii and P lilacinus at 3750 mg/L of atrazine in APD were: 22.6 %, 44.4 % and 46.3 %; with an EC50 of 6820 mg/L, 4736 mg/L and 3633 mg/L, respectively. Paraquat was more fungitoxic than atrazine; P. carneus significantly maintained its DGR (0.17 cm²/day) under 93 and 187 mg/L of paraquat. The EC50 of paraquat showed the lowest values compared to atrazine; Aspergillus tamarii obtained the highest EC50 (256.4 mg/L) in paraquat. The genus Paecilomyces spp. and A. tamarii were the most tolerant to atrazine and paraquat, respectively. These strains are candidates to be included in studies regarding the biodegradation of both herbicides in environmental biotechnology.

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          Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses.

          Atrazine is the most commonly used herbicide in the U.S. and probably the world. It can be present at several parts per million in agricultural runoff and can reach 40 parts per billion (ppb) in precipitation. We examined the effects of atrazine on sexual development in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Larvae were exposed to atrazine (0.01-200 ppb) by immersion throughout larval development, and we examined gonadal histology and laryngeal size at metamorphosis. Atrazine (> or =0.1 ppb) induced hermaphroditism and demasculinized the larynges of exposed males (> or =1.0 ppb). In addition, we examined plasma testosterone levels in sexually mature males. Male X. laevis suffered a 10-fold decrease in testosterone levels when exposed to 25 ppb atrazine. We hypothesize that atrazine induces aromatase and promotes the conversion of testosterone to estrogen. This disruption in steroidogenesis likely explains the demasculinization of the male larynx and the production of hermaphrodites. The effective levels reported in the current study are realistic exposures that suggest that other amphibian species exposed to atrazine in the wild could be at risk of impaired sexual development. This widespread compound and other environmental endocrine disruptors may be a factor in global amphibian declines.
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            Bacterial and fungal abundance and biomass in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems along two climatic gradients

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              Paraquat and Parkinson's disease.

              As evidence emerges that complex gene alterations are involved in the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD), the role of environmental chemicals in the pathogenesis of this disease becomes intensely debated. Although it is undisputed that acute exposure to certain chemicals such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is sufficient to cause human parkinsonism, the evidence that the risk for PD increases because of environmental exposure is generally weaker. Several studies have suggested that pesticide exposure and life in rural areas are significant risks factors for PD. Among other pesticides, paraquat (PQ) has been linked to PD by epidemiological studies and experimental work in rodents, in which it causes lesions in the substantia nigra, pars compacta. However, the evidence that human exposure to the chemical results in an increased risk for PD is rather limited and based on insufficient epidemiological data. This review critically analyses the evidence that implicates PQ in parkinsonism and discusses the limitations of chemical modelling of PD.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rica
                Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental
                Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient
                Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, UNAM (México, DF, Mexico )
                0188-4999
                2014
                : 30
                : 4
                : 393-406
                Affiliations
                [02] México Distrito Federal orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados orgdiv2Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería México
                [01] Jalapa Veracruz orgnameInstituto de Ecología, A. C. orgdiv1Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática orgdiv2Laboratorio de Micromicetos México wilberth_20@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S0188-49992014000400007 S0188-4999(14)03000400007
                4f931364-a071-4d67-90f7-90dab3ec23eb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : August 2013
                : July 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 58, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos

                micobiota,dose-response,dosis-respuesta,hongo-suelo,agroquímicos,soil-fungus,agrochemicals,mycobiota

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