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      Phytochemistry, data mining, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae): a comprehensive review

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          Abstract

          Cyperus rotundus L. has been widely used in the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases in traditional systems of medicine around the world, such as nervous, gastrointestinal systems diseases and inflammation. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), its rhizomes are frequently used to treat liver disease, stomach pain, breast tenderness, dysmenorrheal and menstrual irregularities. The review is conducted to summarize comprehensively the plant’s vernacular names, distribution, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and analytical methods, along with the data mining for TCM prescriptions containing C. rotundus. Herein, 552 compounds isolated or identified from C. rotundus were systematically collated and classified, concerning monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics and phenolic glycosides, triterpenoids and steroids, diterpenoids, quinonoids, alkaloids, saccharides and others. Their pharmacological effects on the digestive system, nervous system, gynecological diseases, and other bioactivities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, insect repellent, anti-microbial activity, etc. were summarized accordingly. Moreover, except for the data mining on the compatibility of C. rotundus in TCM, the separation, identification and analytical methods of C. rotundus compositions were also systematically summarized, and constituents of the essential oils from different regions were re-analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis. In addition, the toxicological study progresses on C. rotundus revealed the safety property of this herb. This review is designed to serve as a scientific basis and theoretical reference for further exploration into the clinical use and scientific research of C. rotundus.

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          The online version contains supplementary materials available at 10.1007/s11101-023-09870-3.

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          Antibacterial activity of selected fatty acids and essential oils against six meat spoilage organisms.

          Blaise Ouattara, Ronald Simard, Richard Holley … (1997)
          The antibacterial activity of selected fatty acids and essential oils was examined against two gram-negative (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Serratia liquefaciens) and four gram-positive (Brochothrix thermosphacta, Carnobacterium piscicola, Lactobacillus curvatus, and Lactobacillus sake) bacteria involved in meat spoilage. Various amounts of each preservative were added to brain heart infusion or MRS (deMan, Rogosa and Sharpe) agars, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for each organism. Essential oils were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography to determine the concentration of selected components commonly found in spices. B. thermosphacta, P. fluorescens and S. liquefaciens were not affected by fatty acids, and generally overcame the inhibitory effect of essential oils after 24 h of exposure. Among the fatty acids, lauric and palmitoleic acids exhibited the greatest inhibitory effect with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 250 to 500 micrograms/ml, while myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were completely ineffective. For essential oils, clove, cinnamon, pimento, and rosemary were found to be the most active. The 1/100 dilution of those oils inhibited at least five of the six tested organisms. A relationship was found between the inhibitory effect of essential oils and the presence of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde.
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            Antidiabetic Potential of Flavonoids from Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Review

            Lan Bai, Xiaofang Li, Li. He … (2019)
            Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders in which high blood sugar levels occur over a prolonged period. Approximately 4% of the global population is affected by DM. Western medical treatment methods for diabetes including injection or oral hypoglycemic drugs have some toxic or side effects, economic pressures, and so on. Many researchers turn to discover new drugs from natural products or Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants, and many studies have shown that flavonoids possess antidiabetic properties, exhibiting not only well-recognized antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activities but also activity in the treatment of diabetic complications. In this review, we systematically summarized anti-diabetic flavonoid compounds based on structure classification by examining the PubMed, Springer Link, Web of Science, and CNKI databases. There are 13 flavonoid compounds listed which have been studied extensively and have antidiabetic features respectively. Apigenin, baicalein, and catechin mainly reduces blood glucose via anti-oxidation; hesperidin is good for diabetic neuropathy; glycyrrhiza flavonoids have a significant effect on gestational DM; quercetin takes advantage of crossing the blood–brain barrier and improving renal function. Some compounds have protective and preventive effects on diabetic complications, such as kaempferol and puerarin which are beneficial to cardiomyopathy; myricetin has therapeutic potential in the treatment of DN; dihydromyricetin might improve CI. It is a pity or might be a pointcut that most studies remain in the animal experimental stage, and further investigation should be carried out.
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              Activity of essential oils from Brazilian medicinal plants on Escherichia coli.

              Glyn Figueira, Marta Duarte, Ewerton Eduardo Leme … (2007)
              Essential oils obtained from leaves of 29 medicinal plants commonly used in Brazil were screened against 13 different Escherichia coli serotypes. The oils were obtained by water-distillation using a Clevenger-type system and their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined by microdilution method. Essential oil from Cymbopogon martinii exhibited a broad inhibition spectrum, presenting strong activity (MIC between 100 and 500 microg/mL) against 10 out of 13 Escherichia coli serotypes: three enterotoxigenic, two enteropathogenic, three enteroinvasive and two shiga-toxin producers. C. winterianus inhibited strongly two enterotoxigenic, one enteropathogenic, one enteroinvasive and one shiga-toxin producer serotypes. Aloysia triphylla also shows good potential to kill Escherichia coli with moderate to strong inhibition. Other essential oils showed antimicrobial properties, however with a more restricted action against the serotypes studied. Chemical analysis of Cymbopogon martinii essential oil performed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the presence of compounds with known antimicrobial activity, including geraniol, geranyl acetate and trans-cariophyllene, which tested separately, indicated geraniol as antimicrobial active compound. The significant antibacterial activity of Cymbopogon martinii oil suggests that they could serve as a source for compounds with therapeutic potential.
              Article 0 comments Cited 61 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Hong-Hua Wu:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3089-4282
                wuhonghua2011@tjutcm.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Phytochem Rev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Phytochem Rev
                Title: Phytochemistry Reviews
                Publisher: Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                ISSN (Print): 1568-7767
                ISSN (Electronic): 1572-980X
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 May 2023
                Pages: 1-46
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.410648.f, ISNI 0000 0001 1816 6218, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, ; 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]GRID grid.8652.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1485, Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, , University of Ghana, ; Legon-Accra, Ghana
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3089-4282
                Article
                Publisher ID: 9870
                DOI: 10.1007/s11101-023-09870-3
                PMC ID: 10183317
                SO-VID: 4f18b57f-63c8-4117-89da-0abea60db6d9
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 30 May 2022
                Date accepted : 12 April 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: cyperi rhizome,association rules,gynecological diseases,sesquiterpenoids,essential oil,gc–ms
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: cyperi rhizome, association rules, gynecological diseases, sesquiterpenoids, essential oil, gc–ms

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