An Increase in the Tobacco Age-of-Sale to 21: For Debate in Europe

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A debate on the adoption of a tobacco age-of-sale of 21 in Europe has not occurred, with the recent exception of the United Kingdom. The current legally set age of 18 years is proving to be inadequate as adolescents continue to access cigarettes. Tobacco 21 laws have the potential to further limit access to cigarettes by minors. We believe that soon the time will be ripe for this discussion to spread throughout Europe, specifically among countries that have adopted a smoke-free generation movement.

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Evaluation of California’s ‘Tobacco 21’ law

Xueying Zhang, Tam Vuong, Elizabeth Andersen-Rodgers … (2018)

Introduction California’s law raising the minimum tobacco sales age to 21 went into effect on 9 June 2016. This law, known as ‘Tobacco 21’ or ‘T21’, also expanded the definition of tobacco to include electronic smoking devices. This paper describes the T21 evaluation plan and initial evaluation results. Methods An evaluation plan and logic model were created to evaluate T21. A tobacco retailer poll was conducted 7 months after the law went into effect to assess awareness, support and implementation; an online survey of California adults was fielded to provide data on tobacco use and attitudinal changes before and after T21 implementation; and tobacco purchase surveys were conducted to assess the retailer violation rate (RVR). Multivariate models estimated the odds of RVR and odds of being aware, agreeing with and observing advertisements related to T21. Results Seven months after the T21 effective date, 98.6% of retailers were aware of the law and 60.6% supported the law. Furthermore, 66.2% of retailers agreed that people who start smoking before 21 would become addicted to tobacco products. The RVR using youth decoys under age 18 statistically decreased from 10.3% before T21 to 5.7% after T21 (P=0.002). Furthermore, the RVR using young adult decoys ages 18–19 was 14.2% (95% CI 9.3% to 19.1%) for traditional tobacco and 13.1% (95% CI 10.2% to 16.1%) for electronic smoking devices. Conclusions Survey findings suggest that the high awareness and support for the law may have contributed to reducing illegal tobacco sales to youth under 18 and achieving widespread retailer conformity with the new law disallowing sales to young adults under 21.

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Tobacco‐21 laws and young adult smoking: quasi‐experimental evidence

Abigail S Friedman, John Buckell, Jody L. Sindelar (2019)

To estimate the impact of tobacco-21 laws on smoking among young adults who are likely to smoke, and consider potential social multiplier effects. Quasi-experimental, observational study using new 2016–2017 survey data. United States 1,869 18–22 year-olds who have tried a combustible or electronic cigarette. Tobacco-21 laws raise the minimum legal sales age of cigarettes to 21 years. Logistic regressions compared the association between tobacco-21 laws and smoking among 18–20 year-olds with that for 21–22 year-olds. The older age group served as a comparison group that was not bound by these restrictions but could have been affected by correlated factors. Age-16 peer and parental tobacco use were considered as potential moderators. Self-reported recent smoking (past 30-day smoking) and current established smoking (recent smoking and lifetime consumption of at least 100 cigarettes). Exposure to tobacco-21 laws yielded a 39% reduction in the odds of both recent smoking (OR=0.61; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.89) and current established smoking (OR=0.61; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.97) among 18–20 year-olds who had ever tried cigarettes. This association exceeded the policy’s relationship with smoking among 21–22 year-olds. For current established smoking, the tobacco-21 reduction was amplified among those whose closest friends at age-16 used cigarettes (OR=0.50; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.87), consistent with peer effects moderating the policy’s impact on young adult smoking. Tobacco-21 laws appear to reduce smoking among 18–20 year-olds who have ever tried cigarettes.

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Public support for raising the age of sale for tobacco to 21 in the United States.

Jonathan Winickoff, Robert McMillen, Susanne Tanski … (2016)

The vast majority of tobacco users began before the age of 21. Raising the tobacco sales age to 21 has the potential to reduce tobacco use initiation and progression to regular smoking. Our objective was to assess the level of public support nationally for 'Tobacco 21' initiatives in the USA.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nicotine Tob Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nicotine Tob. Res

Journal ID (publisher-id): nictob

Title: Nicotine & Tobacco Research

Publisher: Oxford University Press (US )

ISSN (Print): 1462-2203

ISSN (Electronic): 1469-994X

Publication date Collection: July 2020

Publication date (Electronic): 13 August 2019

Publication date PMC-release: 13 August 2019

Volume: 22

Issue: 7

Pages: 1247-1249

Affiliations

[1 ] Department of Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam, The Netherlands

[2 ] Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands

[3 ] Netherlands Expertise Center for Tobacco Control (NET), Trimbos Institute , Utrecht, The Netherlands

Author notes

Corresponding Author: Paulien A.W. Nuyts MSc, Department of Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: p.a.nuyts@ 123456amc.uva.nl

Author information

Paulien A W Nuyts http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1156-658X

Article

Publisher ID: ntz135

DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz135

PMC ID: 7291794

PubMed ID: 31408159

SO-VID: 4ed399e5-90cb-4ae9-9785-effdda4ff30c

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

History

Date received : 07 June 2019

Date accepted : 30 July 2019

Date: 19 September 2019

Page count

Pages: 3

Funding

Funded by: European Commission, DOI 10.13039/501100000780;

Award ID: n°635056

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An Increase in the Tobacco Age-of-Sale to 21: For Debate in Europe

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Most cited references 8

Evaluation of California’s ‘Tobacco 21’ law

Tobacco‐21 laws and young adult smoking: quasi‐experimental evidence

Public support for raising the age of sale for tobacco to 21 in the United States.

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