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      Investigation of Potent Lead for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome from Traditional Chinese Medicine

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          Abstract

          Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has become, because of the rapid spread of the disease, a serious global problem and cannot be treated. Recent studies indicate that VIF is a protein of HIV to prevent all of human immunity to attack HIV. Molecular compounds of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) database filtered through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to inhibit VIF can protect against HIV. Glutamic acid, plantagoguanidinic acid, and Aurantiamide acetate based docking score higher with other TCM compounds selected. Molecular dynamics are useful for analysis and detection ligand interactions. According to the docking position, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding changes, and structure variation, the study try to select the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine compound Aurantiamide acetate is better than the other for protein-ligand interactions to maintain the protein composition, based on changes in the structure.

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          Most cited references55

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          Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy.

          The hypothesis that quiescent CD4+ T lymphocytes carrying proviral DNA provide a reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was examined. In a study of 22 patients successfully treated with HAART for up to 30 months, replication-competent virus was routinely recovered from resting CD4+ T lymphocytes. The frequency of resting CD4+ T cells harboring latent HIV-1 was low, 0.2 to 16.4 per 10(6) cells, and, in cross-sectional analysis, did not decrease with increasing time on therapy. The recovered viruses generally did not show mutations associated with resistance to the relevant antiretroviral drugs. This reservoir of nonevolving latent virus in resting CD4+ T cells should be considered in deciding whether to terminate treatment in patients who respond to HAART.
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            LIGPLOT: a program to generate schematic diagrams of protein-ligand interactions.

            The LIGPLOT program automatically generates schematic 2-D representations of protein-ligand complexes from standard Protein Data Bank file input. The output is a colour, or black-and-white, PostScript file giving a simple and informative representation of the intermolecular interactions and their strengths, including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and atom accessibilities. The program is completely general for any ligand and can also be used to show other types of interaction in proteins and nucleic acids. It was designed to facilitate the rapid inspection of many enzyme complexes, but has found many other applications.
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              TCM Database@Taiwan: The World's Largest Traditional Chinese Medicine Database for Drug Screening In Silico

              Rapid advancing computational technologies have greatly speeded up the development of computer-aided drug design (CADD). Recently, pharmaceutical companies have increasingly shifted their attentions toward traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for novel lead compounds. Despite the growing number of studies on TCM, there is no free 3D small molecular structure database of TCM available for virtual screening or molecular simulation. To address this shortcoming, we have constructed TCM Database@Taiwan (http://tcm.cmu.edu.tw/) based on information collected from Chinese medical texts and scientific publications. TCM Database@Taiwan is currently the world's largest non-commercial TCM database. This web-based database contains more than 20,000 pure compounds isolated from 453 TCM ingredients. Both cdx (2D) and Tripos mol2 (3D) formats of each pure compound in the database are available for download and virtual screening. The TCM database includes both simple and advanced web-based query options that can specify search clauses, such as molecular properties, substructures, TCM ingredients, and TCM classification, based on intended drug actions. The TCM database can be easily accessed by all researchers conducting CADD. Over the last eight years, numerous volunteers have devoted their time to analyze TCM ingredients from Chinese medical texts as well as to construct structure files for each isolated compound. We believe that TCM Database@Taiwan will be a milestone on the path towards modernizing traditional Chinese medicine.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomed Res Int
                Biomed Res Int
                BMRI
                BioMed Research International
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                2314-6133
                2314-6141
                2014
                12 June 2014
                : 2014
                : 205890
                Affiliations
                1Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
                2School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
                3Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, North District, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan
                4Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
                5Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
                Author notes
                *Calvin Yu-Chian Chen: ycc929@ 123456MIT.edu

                Academic Editor: Chung Y. Hsu

                Article
                10.1155/2014/205890
                4075082
                4ecd7e4f-bba4-4409-bfab-f66690c1c8e8
                Copyright © 2014 Tzu-Chieh Hung et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 25 February 2014
                : 5 March 2014
                : 5 March 2014
                Funding
                Funded by: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001868 National Science Council Taiwan
                Award ID: NSC102-2325-B039-001
                Funded by: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001868 National Science Council Taiwan
                Award ID: NSC102-2221-E-468-027-
                Funded by: China Medical University Hospital
                Award ID: DMR-103-058
                Funded by: China Medical University Hospital
                Award ID: DMR-103-001
                Funded by: China Medical University Hospital
                Award ID: DMR-103-096
                Funded by: Taiwan Department of Health Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence
                Award ID: DOH102-TD-B-111-004
                Funded by: Taiwan Department of Health Cancer Research Center of Excellence
                Award ID: MOHW103-TD-B-111-03
                Categories
                Research Article

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