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      Biofuel Plantations on Forested Lands: Double Jeopardy for Biodiversity and Climate

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          Abstract

          Abstract: The growing demand for biofuels is promoting the expansion of a number of agricultural commodities, including oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Oil‐palm plantations cover over 13 million ha, primarily in Southeast Asia, where they have directly or indirectly replaced tropical rainforest. We explored the impact of the spread of oil‐palm plantations on greenhouse gas emission and biodiversity. We assessed changes in carbon stocks with changing land use and compared this with the amount of fossil‐fuel carbon emission avoided through its replacement by biofuel carbon. We estimated it would take between 75 and 93 years for the carbon emissions saved through use of biofuel to compensate for the carbon lost through forest conversion, depending on how the forest was cleared. If the original habitat was peatland, carbon balance would take more than 600 years. Conversely, planting oil palms on degraded grassland would lead to a net removal of carbon within 10 years. These estimates have associated uncertainty, but their magnitude and relative proportions seem credible. We carried out a meta‐analysis of published faunal studies that compared forest with oil palm. We found that plantations supported species‐poor communities containing few forest species. Because no published data on flora were available, we present results from our sampling of plants in oil palm and forest plots in Indonesia. Although the species richness of pteridophytes was higher in plantations, they held few forest species. Trees, lianas, epiphytic orchids, and indigenous palms were wholly absent from oil‐palm plantations. The majority of individual plants and animals in oil‐palm plantations belonged to a small number of generalist species of low conservation concern. As countries strive to meet obligations to reduce carbon emissions under one international agreement (Kyoto Protocol), they may not only fail to meet their obligations under another (Convention on Biological Diversity) but may actually hasten global climate change. Reducing deforestation is likely to represent a more effective climate‐change mitigation strategy than converting forest for biofuel production, and it may help nations meet their international commitments to reduce biodiversity loss.

          Abstract

          Resumen: La creciente demanda de biocombustibles está promoviendo la expansión de activos agrícolas, incluyendo la palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis). Las plantaciones de palma de aceite cubren más de 13 millones de ha, principalmente en el sureste de Asia, donde han reemplazado a bosques tropicales directa o indirectamente. Exploramos el impacto de la expansión de las plantaciones de palma de aceite sobre la emisión de gases de invernadero y la biodiversidad. Evaluamos los cambios en las reservas de carbono con el cambio de uso de suelo y comparamos esto con la cantidad de emisiones de carbono de combustibles fósiles que se evitarían con su reemplazo por carbono de biocombustibles. Estimamos que pasarían entre 75 y 93 años para que las emisiones de carbono ahorradas por el uso de biocombustible compensen el carbono perdido por la conversión de bosques, dependiendo de cómo fue removido el bosque. Si el hábitat original era turbera, el balance de carbono tardaría más de 600 años, Por el contrario, sembrando las plantaciones de palma en pastizales degradados llevaría a una remoción de carbono en 10 años. Estas estimaciones están asociadas con incertidumbre, pero su magnitud y proporciones relativas parecen creíbles. Realizamos un meta análisis de los estudios de fauna publicados que comparan bosques con palma de aceite. Encontramos que las plantaciones soportan comunidades de baja riqueza con pocas especies de bosque. Debido a que no se dispuso de datos de flora publicados, presentamos los resultados de nuestro muestreo de plantas en parcelas de palma de aceite y de bosque en Indonesia. Aunque la riqueza de especies de pteridofitas fue mayor en las plantaciones, contenían pocas especies de bosque. Árboles, lianas, orquídeas epífitas y palmas nativas estuvieron totalmente ausentes de las plantaciones de palma de aceite. La mayoría de plantas y animales individuales en las plantaciones de palma de aceite pertenecían a un pequeño número de especies generalistas de bajo interés para la conservación. A medida que los países pugnan por cumplir las obligaciones de reducción de emisiones de carbono en el marco de un acuerdo internacional (Protocolo de Kioto), no solo pueden fallar en cumplir sus obligaciones en el marco de otro (Convención de Diversidad Biológica) sino que incluso pueden acelerar el cambio climático. La reducción de la deforestación probablemente represente una estrategia más efectiva para la mitigación del cambio climático que la conversión de bosques para la producción de biocombustibles, y puede ayudar a que las naciones cumplan sus compromisos internacionales para la reducción de la pérdida de biodiversidad.

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          Most cited references66

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          Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.

          Conservationists are far from able to assist all species under threat, if only for lack of funding. This places a premium on priorities: how can we support the most species at the least cost? One way is to identify 'biodiversity hotspots' where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat. As many as 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. This opens the way for a 'silver bullet' strategy on the part of conservation planners, focusing on these hotspots in proportion to their share of the world's species at risk.
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            Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness

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              A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems.

              Causal attribution of recent biological trends to climate change is complicated because non-climatic influences dominate local, short-term biological changes. Any underlying signal from climate change is likely to be revealed by analyses that seek systematic trends across diverse species and geographic regions; however, debates within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reveal several definitions of a 'systematic trend'. Here, we explore these differences, apply diverse analyses to more than 1,700 species, and show that recent biological trends match climate change predictions. Global meta-analyses documented significant range shifts averaging 6.1 km per decade towards the poles (or metres per decade upward), and significant mean advancement of spring events by 2.3 days per decade. We define a diagnostic fingerprint of temporal and spatial 'sign-switching' responses uniquely predicted by twentieth century climate trends. Among appropriate long-term/large-scale/multi-species data sets, this diagnostic fingerprint was found for 279 species. This suite of analyses generates 'very high confidence' (as laid down by the IPCC) that climate change is already affecting living systems.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Conservation Biology
                Conservation Biology
                Wiley
                0888-8892
                1523-1739
                April 2009
                March 16 2009
                April 2009
                : 23
                : 2
                : 348-358
                Article
                10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01096.x
                19040648
                4ea709c9-6f06-4fc8-8648-a5ff0d645ded
                © 2009

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